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# Prepare | ||
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``` | ||
flask db init | ||
flask db migrate -m "Initial migration." | ||
flask db upgrade | ||
``` | ||
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# Access | ||
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Access http://127.0.0.1:5000/graphql |
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from flask import Flask, jsonify | ||
from models import db, User | ||
from flask_migrate import Migrate | ||
from views.graphql_view import graphql_bp | ||
from config import Config | ||
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app = Flask(__name__) | ||
app.config.from_object(Config) | ||
db.init_app(app) | ||
migrate = Migrate(app, db) | ||
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# 注册蓝图 | ||
app.register_blueprint(graphql_bp, url_prefix='/graphql') | ||
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@app.route('/') | ||
def index(): | ||
return jsonify({"message": "Welcome to the Flask GraphQL API!"}) | ||
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def insert_initial_data(): | ||
with app.app_context(): | ||
if User.query.count() == 0: # 只在表中没有数据时插入 | ||
user1 = User(username='user1', email='[email protected]') | ||
user2 = User(username='user2', email='[email protected]') | ||
db.session.add(user1) | ||
db.session.add(user2) | ||
db.session.commit() | ||
print("Initial data inserted") | ||
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if __name__ == '__main__': | ||
insert_initial_data() # 插入初始数据 | ||
app.run(debug=True) |
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import os | ||
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basedir = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__)) | ||
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class Config: | ||
SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = 'sqlite:///' + os.path.join(basedir, 'example.db') | ||
SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS = False |
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Single-database configuration for Flask. |
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# A generic, single database configuration. | ||
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[alembic] | ||
# template used to generate migration files | ||
# file_template = %%(rev)s_%%(slug)s | ||
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# set to 'true' to run the environment during | ||
# the 'revision' command, regardless of autogenerate | ||
# revision_environment = false | ||
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# Logging configuration | ||
[loggers] | ||
keys = root,sqlalchemy,alembic,flask_migrate | ||
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[handlers] | ||
keys = console | ||
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[formatters] | ||
keys = generic | ||
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[logger_root] | ||
level = WARN | ||
handlers = console | ||
qualname = | ||
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[logger_sqlalchemy] | ||
level = WARN | ||
handlers = | ||
qualname = sqlalchemy.engine | ||
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[logger_alembic] | ||
level = INFO | ||
handlers = | ||
qualname = alembic | ||
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[logger_flask_migrate] | ||
level = INFO | ||
handlers = | ||
qualname = flask_migrate | ||
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[handler_console] | ||
class = StreamHandler | ||
args = (sys.stderr,) | ||
level = NOTSET | ||
formatter = generic | ||
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[formatter_generic] | ||
format = %(levelname)-5.5s [%(name)s] %(message)s | ||
datefmt = %H:%M:%S |
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import logging | ||
from logging.config import fileConfig | ||
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from flask import current_app | ||
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from alembic import context | ||
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# this is the Alembic Config object, which provides | ||
# access to the values within the .ini file in use. | ||
config = context.config | ||
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# Interpret the config file for Python logging. | ||
# This line sets up loggers basically. | ||
fileConfig(config.config_file_name) | ||
logger = logging.getLogger('alembic.env') | ||
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def get_engine(): | ||
try: | ||
# this works with Flask-SQLAlchemy<3 and Alchemical | ||
return current_app.extensions['migrate'].db.get_engine() | ||
except (TypeError, AttributeError): | ||
# this works with Flask-SQLAlchemy>=3 | ||
return current_app.extensions['migrate'].db.engine | ||
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def get_engine_url(): | ||
try: | ||
return get_engine().url.render_as_string(hide_password=False).replace( | ||
'%', '%%') | ||
except AttributeError: | ||
return str(get_engine().url).replace('%', '%%') | ||
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# add your model's MetaData object here | ||
# for 'autogenerate' support | ||
# from myapp import mymodel | ||
# target_metadata = mymodel.Base.metadata | ||
config.set_main_option('sqlalchemy.url', get_engine_url()) | ||
target_db = current_app.extensions['migrate'].db | ||
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# other values from the config, defined by the needs of env.py, | ||
# can be acquired: | ||
# my_important_option = config.get_main_option("my_important_option") | ||
# ... etc. | ||
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def get_metadata(): | ||
if hasattr(target_db, 'metadatas'): | ||
return target_db.metadatas[None] | ||
return target_db.metadata | ||
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def run_migrations_offline(): | ||
"""Run migrations in 'offline' mode. | ||
This configures the context with just a URL | ||
and not an Engine, though an Engine is acceptable | ||
here as well. By skipping the Engine creation | ||
we don't even need a DBAPI to be available. | ||
Calls to context.execute() here emit the given string to the | ||
script output. | ||
""" | ||
url = config.get_main_option("sqlalchemy.url") | ||
context.configure( | ||
url=url, target_metadata=get_metadata(), literal_binds=True | ||
) | ||
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with context.begin_transaction(): | ||
context.run_migrations() | ||
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def run_migrations_online(): | ||
"""Run migrations in 'online' mode. | ||
In this scenario we need to create an Engine | ||
and associate a connection with the context. | ||
""" | ||
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# this callback is used to prevent an auto-migration from being generated | ||
# when there are no changes to the schema | ||
# reference: http://alembic.zzzcomputing.com/en/latest/cookbook.html | ||
def process_revision_directives(context, revision, directives): | ||
if getattr(config.cmd_opts, 'autogenerate', False): | ||
script = directives[0] | ||
if script.upgrade_ops.is_empty(): | ||
directives[:] = [] | ||
logger.info('No changes in schema detected.') | ||
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conf_args = current_app.extensions['migrate'].configure_args | ||
if conf_args.get("process_revision_directives") is None: | ||
conf_args["process_revision_directives"] = process_revision_directives | ||
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connectable = get_engine() | ||
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with connectable.connect() as connection: | ||
context.configure( | ||
connection=connection, | ||
target_metadata=get_metadata(), | ||
**conf_args | ||
) | ||
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with context.begin_transaction(): | ||
context.run_migrations() | ||
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if context.is_offline_mode(): | ||
run_migrations_offline() | ||
else: | ||
run_migrations_online() |
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"""${message} | ||
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Revision ID: ${up_revision} | ||
Revises: ${down_revision | comma,n} | ||
Create Date: ${create_date} | ||
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""" | ||
from alembic import op | ||
import sqlalchemy as sa | ||
${imports if imports else ""} | ||
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# revision identifiers, used by Alembic. | ||
revision = ${repr(up_revision)} | ||
down_revision = ${repr(down_revision)} | ||
branch_labels = ${repr(branch_labels)} | ||
depends_on = ${repr(depends_on)} | ||
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def upgrade(): | ||
${upgrades if upgrades else "pass"} | ||
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def downgrade(): | ||
${downgrades if downgrades else "pass"} |
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35
my_flask_graphql_app/migrations/versions/8336c2cb4e3c_initial_migration.py
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"""Initial migration. | ||
Revision ID: 8336c2cb4e3c | ||
Revises: | ||
Create Date: 2024-08-06 14:53:39.096278 | ||
""" | ||
from alembic import op | ||
import sqlalchemy as sa | ||
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# revision identifiers, used by Alembic. | ||
revision = '8336c2cb4e3c' | ||
down_revision = None | ||
branch_labels = None | ||
depends_on = None | ||
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def upgrade(): | ||
# ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ### | ||
op.create_table('user', | ||
sa.Column('id', sa.Integer(), nullable=False), | ||
sa.Column('username', sa.String(length=80), nullable=False), | ||
sa.Column('email', sa.String(length=120), nullable=False), | ||
sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('id'), | ||
sa.UniqueConstraint('email'), | ||
sa.UniqueConstraint('username') | ||
) | ||
# ### end Alembic commands ### | ||
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def downgrade(): | ||
# ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ### | ||
op.drop_table('user') | ||
# ### end Alembic commands ### |
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from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy | ||
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db = SQLAlchemy() | ||
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# 导入模型 | ||
from .user import User |
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from . import db | ||
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class User(db.Model): | ||
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True) | ||
username = db.Column(db.String(80), unique=True, nullable=False) | ||
email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True, nullable=False) | ||
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def __repr__(self): | ||
return f'<User {self.username}>' |
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flask | ||
sqlalchemy | ||
flask_sqlalchemy | ||
flask_migrate | ||
graphene | ||
graphene_sqlalchemy | ||
flask-graphql |
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import graphene | ||
from graphene_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemyObjectType, SQLAlchemyConnectionField | ||
from models import User | ||
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class UserObject(SQLAlchemyObjectType): | ||
class Meta: | ||
model = User | ||
interfaces = (graphene.relay.Node, ) | ||
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class Query(graphene.ObjectType): | ||
node = graphene.relay.Node.Field() | ||
all_users = SQLAlchemyConnectionField(UserObject) | ||
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schema = graphene.Schema(query=Query) |
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from flask import Blueprint | ||
from flask_graphql import GraphQLView | ||
from schema import schema | ||
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graphql_bp = Blueprint('graphql', __name__) | ||
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graphql_bp.add_url_rule( | ||
'', | ||
view_func=GraphQLView.as_view( | ||
'graphql', | ||
schema=schema, | ||
graphiql=True # 为了在浏览器中测试 | ||
) | ||
) |