CSS & HTML on Python Easily.
Chope is a library that aims to provide a HTML and CSS domain-specific language (DSL) for Python. It draws inspiration from Clojure's Hiccup and JavaScript's Emotion.
Chope can be installed through pip.
pip install chope
Here is a basic example of Chope syntax:
from chope import *
from chope.css import *
page = html[
head[
style[
Css[
'body': dict(
background_color='linen',
font_size=pt/12
),
'.inner-div': dict(
color='maroon',
margin_left=px/40
)
]
]
],
body[
h1['Title'],
div(class_='outer-div')[
div(class_='inner-div')[
'Some content.'
]
]
]
]Declaring an element is as simple as this:
# <div>content</div>
div['content']Element attributes can be specified like so:
# <div id="my-id" class="my-class your-class">This is key-value style.</div>
div(id='my-id', class_='my-class your-class')['This is key-value style.']Notice the _ suffix in the class_ attribute. This suffix is necessary for any attribute names that clashes with any Python keyword.
You can also define id and class using CSS selector syntax:
# <div id="my-id" class="my-class your-class" title="Title">This is selector style.</div>
div('#my-id.my-class.your-class', title='Title')['This is selector style.']For attributes with names that cannot be declared using the key-value style, you can use the tuple style.
# <div my:attr="x" ur-attr="y" their[attr]="z">This is tuple style.</div>
div('my:attr', 'x',
'ur-attr', 'y',
'their[attr]', 'z')[
'This is tuple style.'
]The different styles can be mixed as long as there is no duplicate attribute definition.
# acceptable mixed style
div('#my-id.class1.class2',
'my:attr', 'x',
'ur-attr', 'y',
'their[attr]', 'z',
title="Mix 'em up",
subtitle="But don't get mixed up"
)[
'This mixed style is OK.'
]
# NOT acceptable mixed style
div('#my-id.class1.class2',
'id', 'x', # conflicts with 'id' defined in selector style
'title', 'y',
'their[attr]', 'z',
title="Mix 'em up", # conflicts with 'title' defined in tuple style
subtitle="But don't get mixed up"
)[
'This mixed style is NOT OK.'
]Iterables can be used to generate a sequence of elements in the body of an element.
# <ul><li>0</li><li>1</li><li>2</li></ul>
ul[
[li[str(i)] for i in range(3)]
]If you want to create a custom element with a custom tag, simply inherit from the Element class.
from chope import Element
class custom(Element): ## class name will be used as tag name during rendering
pass
custom['some content.'] ## <custom>some content.</custom>Normally, you don't need to override any method of Element, but if you want to change how your element is rendered, you can override the render() method.
The CSS syntax in Chope is simply a mapping between CSS selector strings and declarations dictionaries.
Here's how a simple CSS stylesheet looks like in Chope:
'''
h1 {
color: blue;
}
.my-class {
background-color: linen;
text-align: center;
}
'''
Css[
'h1': dict(
color='blue'
),
'.my-class': dict(
background_color='linen',
text_align='center'
)
]
# OR
Css[
'h1': {
'color': 'blue'
},
'.my-class': {
'background-color': 'linen',
'text-align': 'center'
}
]When you do declarations using the dict constructor, any _ will be converted to - automatically.
If your attribute name actually contains an _, declare using dictionary literal instead.
Declaring size properties is very simple:
'''
.my-class {
font-size: 14px;
margin: 20%;
}
'''
Css[
'.my-class': dict(
font_size=px/14,
margin=percent/20
)
]Chope supports standard HTML units. (e.g.em, rem, pt, etc.)
To set properties with multiple values, simply pass an iterable or a string.
'''
.my-class {
padding: 58px 0 0;
}
'''
Css[
'.my-class': dict(
padding=(px/58, 0, 0)
)
]
# OR
Css[
'.my-class': dict(
padding='58px 0 0'
)
]Once you are done defining your CSS and HTML, you can render them into string using the render() method.
>>> page = html[
head[
style[
Css[
'.item': dict(font_size=px/14)
]
]
],
body[
div('#my-item.item')['My content.']
]
]
>>> print(page.render())
'<html>
<head>
<style>
.item {
font-size: 14px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="my-item" class="item">
My content.
</div>
</body>
</html>'By default, render() will add indentations with 2 spaces. You can modify this using the indent keyword argument.
>>> print(page.render(indent=4))
'<html>
<head>
<style>
.item {
font-size: 14px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="my-item" class="item">
My content.
</div>
</body>
</html>'
>>> print(page.render(indent=0)) ## render flat string
'<html><head><style>.item {font-size: 14px;}</style></head><body><div id="my-item" class="item">My content.</div></body></html>'CSS objects can also be rendered the same way.
>>> css = Css[
'h1': dict(font_size=px/14),
'.my-class': dict(
color='blue',
padding=(0,0,px/20)
)
]
>>> print(css.render())
'h1 {
font-size: 14px;
}
.my-class {
color: blue;
padding: 0 0 20px;
}'There are different ways you can construct a HTML template with chope, two of which are Factory Function and Variable Object.
Factory function is probably the simplest way to build reusable templates.
def my_list(title: str, items: List[str], ordered: bool = False) -> div:
list_tag = ol if ordered else ul
return div[
f'{title}<br>',
list_tag[
[li[i] for i in items]
]
]
def my_content(items: List[Component], attrs: dict) -> div:
return div(**attrs)[
items
]
result = my_content(
[
my_list('Grocery', ['Soap', 'Shampoo', 'Carrots']),
my_list(
'Egg Cooking',
['Crack egg.', 'Fry egg.', 'Eat egg.'],
ordered=True
)
],
{
'id': 'my-content',
'class': 'list styled-list'
}
)Factory function is a simple, elegant solution to construct a group of small, independent reusable templates. However, when your templates group grows in size and complexity, the factory functions can get unwieldy, as we will see at the end of the next section.
Another way to build a HTML template is to use the Variable Object, Var.
from chope import *
from chope.variable import Var
# declaring element with Var content
template = html[
div[Var('my-content')]
]
# setting value to Var object
final_html = template.set_vars({'my-content': 'This is my content.'}) ## dict style
## OR
final_html = template.set_vars(my_content='This is my content.') ## key-value style
print(final_html.render(indent=0)) ## <html><div>This is my content.</div></html>You can combine both dict and key-value style when setting variable values, but note that values defined using kwargs take priority over those defined using dict.
A variable object can have a default value.
>>> print(div[Var('content', 'This is default content.')].render(indent=0))
'<div>This is default content.</div>'A variable object's value can be set to an element.
>>> content = div[Var('inner')]
>>> new_content = content.set_vars(inner=div['This is inner content.'])
>>> print(new_content.render())
'<div>
<div>
This is inner content.
</div>
</div>'Var works in an element attribute as well.
>>> content = div(name=Var('name'))['My content.']
>>> new_content = content.set_vars(name='my-content')
>>> print(new_content.render())
'<div name="my-content">
My content.
</div>'You can use Var in CSS too.
>>> css = Css[
# CSS rule as a variable
'h1': dict(font_size=Var('h1.font-size')),
# CSS declaration as a variable
'.my-class': Var('my-class')
]
>>> new_css = css.set_vars({'h1.font-size': px/1, 'my-class': {'color': 'blue'}})
>>> print(new_css.render())
'h1 {
font-size: 1px;
}
.my-class {
color: blue;
}'The set of all variable names in an element/CSS can be retrieved using the get_vars() method.
>>> template = html[
style[
Css[
'h1': dict(font_size=Var('css.h1.font-size'))
]
],
div[
Var('main-content'),
div[
Var('inner-content')
]
]
]
>>> print(template.get_vars())
{'main-content', 'inner-content', 'css.h1.font-size'}An advantage of using variable object is that it allows for easy deferment of variable value settings, which makes combining templates simple.
navs_template = ul('.nav')[
Var('navs.items')
]
pagination_template = nav[
ul('.pagination')[
li('.page-item', class_=Var(
'pagination.previous.disabled',
'disabled'
))['Previous'],
Var('nav.pages'),
li('.page-item', class_=Var(
'pagination.next.disabled',
'disabled'
))['Next']
]
]
body_template = body[
navs_template,
div('.main-content')[Var('body.main-content')],
pagination_template
]Compare that to the equivalent factory function implementation.
def navs_template(items: List[li]) -> ul:
return ul('.nav')[
items
]
def pagination_template(
pages: List[li],
previous_disabled: bool = True,
next_disabled: bool = True
) -> nav:
return nav[
ul('.pagination')[
li(f'.page-item{" disabled" if previous_disabled else ""}')['Previous'],
pages,
li(f'.page-item{" disabled" if next_disabled else ""}')['Next']
]
]
def body_template(
navs_items: List[li],
pagination_pages: List[li],
body_main_content: Element,
pagination_previous_disabled: bool = True,
pagination_next_disabled: bool = True
) -> body:
return body[
navs_template(navs_items),
body_main_content,
pagination_template(
pagination_pages,
pagination_previous_disabled,
pagination_next_disabled
)
]As you may have observed, the number of parameters for upstream template's factory function can easily explode when you start combining more downstream templates.