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JUC ThreadLocal介绍及原理

javahongxi edited this page Aug 3, 2019 · 4 revisions

Java中的ThreadLocal类可以让你创建的变量只被同一个线程进行读和写操作。因此,尽管有两个线程同时执行一段相同的代码,而且这段代码又有一个指向同一个ThreadLocal变量的引用,但是这两个线程依然不能看到彼此的ThreadLocal变量域。

ThreadLocal,本地线程变量,每个线程保留着一个共享变量的副本。其实我不太认可每个线程保存共享变量的一个副本这个说法,而是ThreadLocal是线程上下文环境的一种实现方式而已。就以数据库事务这一常用场景来举例说明,比如每个线程需要访问数据库,就需要获取数据库的连接Connection对象,在实际中,我们会用数据库连接池来重复利用Connection,首先连接池,这里是一个共享变量,连接池的实现必须保证多个线程同时从连接池中获取Connection不会重复,然后每个线程使用单独的Connection,并且该Connection被一个线程占用后,其他线程压根就不会使用到,也不会试图去使用一个已经被其他线程占用的Connection对象。由于一个线程在执行过程中,可能需要多次操作数据库,所以我们的设计就是一个线程在执行过程中,只与一个Connection打交道,也就是整个线程的执行过程(执行环境)需要保存刚获取的Connection,最简单有效的办法,就是把这个Connection保存在线程对象的某个属性中,ThreadLocal就是干这事的。ThreadLocal并不是为这个Connection复制一份,多个线程都使用这个副本,不是这样的,一个Connection对象在任意时刻,没有被复制多份。我的观点:ThreadLocal是线程一个本地变量,是线程的执行上下文。

1、创建一个ThreadLocal对象

2、访问ThreadLocal对象

3、ThreadLocal泛型

4、初始化ThreadLocal

5、Full ThreadLocal Example

6、InheritableThreadLocal

7、原理

1、创建一个ThreadLocal对象

如下所示,创建一个ThreadLocal变量:

private ThreadLocal myThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal();

你实例化了一个ThreadLocal对象。每个线程仅需要实例化一次即可。虽然不同的线程执行同一段代码时,访问同一个ThreadLocal变量,但是每个线程只能看到私有的ThreadLocal实例。所以不同的线程在给ThreadLocal对象设置不同的值时,他们也不能看到彼此的修改。

2、访问ThreadLocal对象

一旦创建了一个ThreadLocal对象,你就可以通过以下方式来存储此对象的值:

myThreadLocal.set("A thread local value");

也可以直接读取一个ThreadLocal对象的值:

String threadLocalValue = (String) myThreadLocal.get();

get()方法会返回一个Object对象,而set()方法则依赖一个Object对象参数。

3、ThreadLocal泛型

为了使get()方法返回值不用做强制类型转换,通常可以创建一个泛型化的ThreadLocal对象。以下就是一个泛型化的ThreadLocal示例:

private ThreadLocal myThreadLocal1 = new ThreadLocal<String>();

现在你可以存储一个字符串到ThreadLocal实例里,此外,当你从此ThreadLocal实例中获取值的时候,就不必要做强制类型转换。

myThreadLocal1.set("Hello ThreadLocal");
String threadLocalValues = myThreadLocal.get();

4、初始化ThreadLocal

由于ThreadLocal对象的set()方法设置的值只对当前线程可见,那有什么方法可以为ThreadLocal对象设置的值对所有线程都可见。

为此,我们可以通过ThreadLocal子类的实现,并覆写initialValue()方法,就可以为ThreadLocal对象指定一个初始化值。如下所示:

private ThreadLocal myThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<String>() {
   @Override protected String initialValue() {
       return "This is the initial value";
   }
};

此时,在set()方法调用前,当调用get()方法的时候,所有线程都可以看到同一个初始化值。

5、Full ThreadLocal Example

以下是一个完整的ThreadLocal示例:

public class ThreadLocalExample {

    public static class MyRunnable implements Runnable {

        private ThreadLocal<Integer> threadLocal =
               new ThreadLocal<Integer>();

        @Override
        public void run() {
            threadLocal.set( (int) (Math.random() * 100D) );

            try {
                Thread.sleep(2000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            }

            System.out.println(threadLocal.get());
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        MyRunnable sharedRunnableInstance = new MyRunnable();

        Thread thread1 = new Thread(sharedRunnableInstance);
        Thread thread2 = new Thread(sharedRunnableInstance);

        thread1.start();
        thread2.start();

        thread1.join(); //wait for thread 1 to terminate
        thread2.join(); //wait for thread 2 to terminate
    }

}

上面创建了两个线程共享一个MyRunnable实例。每个线程执行run()方法的时候,会给同一个ThreadLocal实例设置不同的值。如果调用set()方法的时候用synchronized关键字同步,而且不是一个ThreadLocal对象实例,那么第二个线程将会覆盖第一个线程所设置的值。

然而,由于是ThreadLocal对象,所以两个线程无法看到彼此的值。因此,可以设置或者获取不同的值。

6、InheritableThreadLocal

InheritableThreadLocal类是ThreadLocal的子类。为了解决ThreadLocal实例内部每个线程都只能看到自己的私有值,所以InheritableThreadLocal允许一个线程创建的所有子线程访问其父线程的值。

7、原理

class Thread

/* ThreadLocal values pertaining to this thread. This map is maintained
     * by the ThreadLocal class. */
    ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap threadLocals = null;

class ThreadLocal

/**
     * Returns the value in the current thread's copy of this
     * thread-local variable.  If the variable has no value for the
     * current thread, it is first initialized to the value returned
     * by an invocation of the {@link #initialValue} method.
     *
     * @return the current thread's value of this thread-local
     */
    public T get() {
        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
        ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
        if (map != null) {
            ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
            if (e != null) {
                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                T result = (T)e.value;
                return result;
            }
        }
        return setInitialValue();
    }

/**
     * Sets the current thread's copy of this thread-local variable
     * to the specified value.  Most subclasses will have no need to
     * override this method, relying solely on the {@link #initialValue}
     * method to set the values of thread-locals.
     *
     * @param value the value to be stored in the current thread's copy of
     *        this thread-local.
     */
    public void set(T value) {
        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
        ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
        if (map != null)
            map.set(this, value);
        else
            createMap(t, value);
    }

/**
     * ThreadLocalMap is a customized hash map suitable only for
     * maintaining thread local values. No operations are exported
     * outside of the ThreadLocal class. The class is package private to
     * allow declaration of fields in class Thread.  To help deal with
     * very large and long-lived usages, the hash table entries use
     * WeakReferences for keys. However, since reference queues are not
     * used, stale entries are guaranteed to be removed only when
     * the table starts running out of space.
     */
    static class ThreadLocalMap {

        /**
         * The entries in this hash map extend WeakReference, using
         * its main ref field as the key (which is always a
         * ThreadLocal object).  Note that null keys (i.e. entry.get()
         * == null) mean that the key is no longer referenced, so the
         * entry can be expunged from table.  Such entries are referred to
         * as "stale entries" in the code that follows.
         */
        static class Entry extends WeakReference<ThreadLocal<?>> {
            /** The value associated with this ThreadLocal. */
            Object value;

            Entry(ThreadLocal<?> k, Object v) {
                super(k);
                value = v;
            }
        }

        /**
         * The initial capacity -- MUST be a power of two.
         */
        private static final int INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;

        /**
         * The table, resized as necessary.
         * table.length MUST always be a power of two.
         */
        private Entry[] table;

        /**
         * The number of entries in the table.
         */
        private int size = 0;

        /**
         * The next size value at which to resize.
         */
        private int threshold; // Default to 0

        /**
         * Set the resize threshold to maintain at worst a 2/3 load factor.
         */
        private void setThreshold(int len) {
            threshold = len * 2 / 3;
        }
    }

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