Anyhow ¯\_(ツ)_/¯

This library provides anyhow::Error, a trait object based error type for easy idiomatic error handling in Rust applications.

[dependencies]
anyhow = "1.0"

Compiler support: requires rustc 1.34+

Details

• Use Result<T, anyhow::Error>, or equivalently anyhow::Result<T>, as the return type of any fallible function.

  Within the function, use ? to easily propagate any error that implements the std::error::Error trait.

  use anyhow::Result;
  
  fn get_cluster_info() -> Result<ClusterMap> {
      let config = std::fs::read_to_string("cluster.json")?;
      let map: ClusterMap = serde_json::from_str(&config)?;
      Ok(map)
  }

• Attach context to help the person troubleshooting the error understand where things went wrong. A low-level error like "No such file or directory" can be annoying to debug without more context about what higher level step the application was in the middle of.

  use anyhow::{Context, Result};
  
  fn main() -> Result<()> {
      ...
      it.detach().context("failed to detach the important thing")?;
  
      let content = std::fs::read(path)
          .with_context(|| format!("failed to read instrs from {}", path))?;
      ...
  }

  Error: failed to read instrs from ./path/to/instrs.jsox
  
  Caused by:
      No such file or directory (os error 2)

• Downcasting is supported and can be by value, by shared reference, or by mutable reference as needed.

  // If the error was caused by redaction, then return a
  // tombstone instead of the content.
  match root_cause.downcast_ref::<DataStoreError>() {
      Some(DataStoreError::Censored(_)) => Ok(Poll::Ready(REDACTED_CONTENT)),
      None => Err(error),
  }

• A backtrace is captured and printed with the error if the underlying error type does not already provide its own. In order to see backtraces, the RUST_LIB_BACKTRACE=1 environment variable must be defined.

• Anyhow works with any error type that has an impl of std::error::Error, including ones defined in your crate. We do not bundle a derive(Error) macro but you can write the impls yourself or use a standalone macro like thiserror.

  use thiserror::Error;
  
  #[derive(Error, Debug)]
  pub enum FormatError {
      #[error("invalid header (expected {expected:?}, got {found:?})")]
      InvalidHeader {
          expected: String,
          found: String,
      },
      #[error("missing attribute: {0}")]
      MissingAttribute(String),
  }

• One-off error messages can be constructed using the anyhow! macro, which supports string interpolation and produces an anyhow::Error.

  return Err(anyhow!("missing attribute: {}", missing));

Comparison to failure

The anyhow::Error type works something like failure::Error, but unlike failure ours is built around the standard library's std::error::Error trait rather than a separate trait failure::Fail. The standard library has adopted the necessary improvements for this to be possible as part of RFC 2504.

Acknowledgements

The implementation of the anyhow::Error type is originally forked from fehler::Exception (https://github.com/withoutboats/fehler). This library exposes it under the more standard Error / Result terminology rather than the throw! / #[throws] / Exception language of exceptions.

License

^{Licensed under either of Apache License, Version 2.0 or MIT license at your option.}
_{Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in this crate by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0 license, shall be dual licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions.}