Aztec Connect Bridges

This repo has been built with Foundry. Given the interconnected nature of Aztec Connect Bridges with existing mainnet protocols, we decided Foundry / Forge offered the best support for testing. This repo should make debugging, mainnet-forking, impersonation and gas profiling simple. It makes sense to test Solidity contracts with Solidity, not with the added complication of Ethers / Typescript.

Writing a bridge

Developing a bridge is simple. It is done entirely in Solidity and no knowledge of cryptography underpinning Aztec Connect is required. Users of your bridge will get the full benefits of ironclad privacy and 10-30x gas savings.

Note: Currently adding a new bridge or asset to Aztec Connect is permissioned and requires our approval. Once Aztec Connect leaves beta this won't be the case anymore and developing a bridge will become completely permissionless.

To get started follow the steps below:

1. Fork this repository on GitHub, clone your fork and create a new branch:

   git clone https://github.com/YOUR_USERNAME/aztec-connect-bridges.git
   git checkout -b your_username/bridge-name
   

2. Install dependencies and build the repo:

   cd aztec-connect-bridges
   yarn setup
   

3. Copy and rename the following folders (e.g. rename example to uniswap):

   src/bridges/example
   src/test/example
   src/client/example
   src/specs/example
   src/deployment/example
   

4. Implement the bridges and tests. See the example bridge, example bridge tests and documentation of IDefiBridge for more details. For a more complex example check out other bridges in this repository.

5. Debug your bridge:

   forge test --match-contract YourBridge -vvv

6. Write a deployment script. Make a script that inherits from the BaseDeployment.s.sol file. The base provides helper functions for listing assets/bridges and a getter for the rollup address.
   Use the env variables simulateAdmin=false|true and network=mainnet|devnet|testnet to specify how to run it.
   With simulateAdmin=true, the listBridge and listAsset helpers will be impersonating an account with access to list, otherwise they are broadcasted. See the example scripts from other bridges for inspiration on how to write the scripts.

7. Testing/using your deployment script To run your deployment script, you need to set the environment up first, this include specifying the RPC you will be sending the transactions to and the environment variables from above. You can do it using a private key, or even with a Ledger or Trezor, see the foundry book for more info on using hardware wallets.

   # Use --broadcast when you intend to broadcast the tx's, otherwise it will just simulate
   # When using the testnet, add --legacy, Ganache and EIP-1559 is not the best friends
   # --ffi is used to allow outside calls, which is used to fetch the latest Rollup address
   # on testnet this will fetch from the Aztec endpoints, on mainnet, this will lookup the `rollup.aztec.eth` ens
   export RPC=https://aztec-connect-testnet-eth-host.aztec.network:8545
   export PRIV_KEY=<DEV_KEY> # If using a private-key directly
   export network=testnet # When using the testnet
   export simulateAdmin=false # When you want to broadcast, use `true` if simulating admin
   forge script --fork-url $RPC --ffi --legacy --private-key $PRIV <NAME_OF_DEPLOYMENT_SCRIPT> --sig "<FUNCTION_SIG>" --broadcast
   
   # Example script reading the current assets and bridges:
   forge script --fork-url $RPC --ffi AggregateDeployment --sig "readStats()"

All bridges need to be submitted via PRs to this repo. To receive a grant payment we expect the following work to be done:

1. A solidity bridge that interfaces with the protocol you are bridging to (e.g AAVE),
2. tests in Solidity that test the bridge with production values and the deployed protocol that is currently on mainnet (you should test a range of assets, edge cases and use Forge's fuzzing abilities),
3. tests cover the full contract, there are no untested functions or lines.
4. implementation of the Typescript bridge-data.ts class that tells a frontend developer how to use your bridge.
5. an explanation of the flows your bridge supports should be included as spec.md,
6. NatSpec documentation of all the functions in all the contracts which are to be deployed on mainnet,
7. a deployment script to deploy the bridge with proper configuration,
8. Subsidy contract has been integrated (see the Subsidy integration section for details).

Before submitting a PR for a review make sure that the following is true:

1. All the tests you wrote pass (forge test --match-contract TestName),
2. there are no linting errors (yarn lint),
3. you fetched upstream changes to your fork on GitHub and your branch has been rebased against the head of the master branch (not merged, if you are not sure how to rebase check out this article),
4. the diff contains only changes related to the PR description,
5. NatSpec documentation has already been written,
6. a spec was written,
7. a deployment script was written,
8. Subsidy has been integrated.

SDK

You can find more information about setting up connections to bridge contracts with the SDK on the Ethereum Interactions page of the docs.

Testing methodology

This repo includes an Infura key that allows forking from mainnet. We have included helpers to make testing easier (see example bridge tests).

In production a bridge is called by a user creating a client side proof via the Aztec SDK. These transaction proofs are sent to a rollup provider for aggregation. The rollup provider then sends the aggregate rollup proof with the sum of all users' proofs for a given bridgeCallData to your bridge contract.

A bridgeCallData uniquely defines the expected inputs/outputs of a DeFi interaction. It is a uint256 that represents a bit-string containing multiple fields. When unpacked its data is used to create a BridgeData struct in the rollup processor contract.

Structure of the bit-string is as follows (starting at the least significant bit):

bit position	bit length	definition	description
0	32	bridgeAddressId	id of bridge smart contract address
32	30	inputAssetA	asset id of 1st input asset
62	30	inputAssetB	asset id of 1st input asset
92	30	outputAssetA	asset id of 1st output asset
122	30	outputAssetB	asset id of 2nd output asset
152	32	bitConfig	flags that describe asset types
184	64	auxData	custom auxiliary data for bridge-specific logic

Bit Config Definition:

bit	meaning
0	secondInputInUse
1	secondOutputInUse

Note 1: Last 8 bits of bridgeCallData bit-string are wasted because the circuits don't support values of full 256 bits (248 is the largest multiple of 8 that we can use).

Note 2: bitConfig is 32 bits large even though we only use 2 bits because we need it to be future proofed (e.g. we might add NFT support, and we would need new bit flag for that).

The rollup contract uses this to construct the function parameters to pass into your bridge contract (via convert(...) function). It calls your bridge with a fixed amount of gas via a delegateCall via the DefiBridgeProxy.sol contract.

We decided to have 2 separate approaches of bridge testing:

1. In the first one it is expected that you call convert function directly on the bridge contract. This allows for simple debugging because execution traces are simple. Disadvantage of this approach is that you have to take care of transferring tokens to and from the bridge (this is handled by the DefiBridgeProxy contract in the production environment). This type of test can be considered to be a unit test and an example of such a test is here.

2. In the second approach we construct a bridgeCallData, we mock proof data and verifier's response, and we pass this data directly to the RollupProcessor's processRollup(...) function. The purpose of this test is to test the bridge in an environment that is as close to the final deployment as possible without spinning up all the rollup infrastructure (sequencer, proof generator etc.). This test can be considered an end-to-end test of the bridge and an example of such a test is here.

We encourage you to first write all tests as unit tests to be able to leverage simple traces while you are debugging the bridge. Once you make the bridge work in the unit tests environment convert the relevant tests to E2E. Converting unit tests to E2E is straightforward because we made the ROLLUP_ENCODER.processRollupAndGetBridgeResult() function return the same values as IDefiBridge.convert(...).

In production, the rollup contract will supply _totalInputValue of both input assets and use the _interactionNonce as a globally unique ID. For testing, you may provide this value.

The rollup contract will send _totalInputValue of _inputAssetA and _inputAssetB ahead of the call to convert. In production, the rollup contract already has these tokens as they are the users' funds. For testing use the deal method from the forge-std's Test class (see ExampleUnit.t.sol for details). This method prefunds the rollup with sufficient tokens to enable the transfer.

After extending the BridgeTestBase or Test class simply call:

  deal(address(dai), address(rollupProcessor), amount);

This will set the balance of the rollup to the amount required.

Sending Tokens Back to the Rollup

The rollup contract expects a bridge to have approved for transfer by the rollupAddress the ERC20 tokens that are returned via outputValueA or outputValueB for a given asset. The DeFiBridgeProxy will attempt to recover the tokens by calling transferFrom(bridgeAddress, rollupAddress, amount) for these values once bridge.convert() or bridge.finalise() have executed (in production and in end-to-end tests). In unit tests it is expected that you transfer these tokens on your own.

ETH is returned to the rollup from a bridge by calling the payable function with a msg.value rollupContract.receiveETH(uint256 interactionNonce). You must also set the outputValue of the corresponding outputAsset (A or B) to be the amount of ETH sent.

This repo supports TypeChain so all Typescript bindings will be auto generated and added to the typechain-types folder.

bridge-data.ts

This is a Typescript class designed to help a developer on the frontend use your bridge. You should implement the functions to fetch data from your bridge / L1.

Aztec Connect Background

You can also find more information on the Aztec docs site.

What is Aztec?

Aztec is a privacy focussed L2, that enables cheap private interactions with Layer 1 smart contracts and liquidity, via a process called DeFi Aggregation. We use advanced zero-knowledge technology "zk-zk rollups" to add privacy and significant gas savings any Layer 1 protocol via Aztec Connect bridges.

What is a bridge?

A bridge is a Layer 1 Solidity contract deployed on mainnet that conforms a DeFi protocol to the interface the Aztec rollup expects. This allows the Aztec rollup contract to interact with the DeFi protocol via the bridge.

A bridge contract models any Layer 1 DeFi protocol as an asynchronous asset swap. You can specify up to two input assets and two output assets per bridge.

How does this work?

Users who have shielded assets on Aztec can construct a zero-knowledge proof instructing the Aztec rollup contract to make an external L1 contract call.

Rollup providers batch multiple L2 transaction intents on the Aztec Network together in a rollup. The rollup contract then makes aggregate transaction against L1 DeFi contracts and returns the funds pro-rata to the users on L2.

How much does this cost?

Aztec connect transactions can be batched together into one rollup. Each user in the batch pays a base fee to cover the verification of the rollup proof and their share of the L1 DeFi transaction gas cost. A single Aztec Connect transaction requires 3 base fees or approximately ~8000 gas.

The user then pays their share of the L1 DeFi transaction. The rollup will call a bridge contract with a fixed deterministic amount of gas so the total fee is simple ~8000 gas + BRIDGE_GAS / BATCH_SIZE.

What is private?

The source of funds for any Aztec Connect transaction is an Aztec-shielded asset. When a user interacts with an Aztec Connect Bridge contract, their identity is kept hidden, but balances sent to the bridge are public.

Asset Types

There are 3 types of assets:

1. ETH,
2. ERC20,
3. VIRTUAL.

We call ETH and ERC20 real assets.

Virtual assets behave similarly to the real ones but the difference is that they don't have any token representation on L1 and exist solely within the Aztec network as a cryptographic value note.

To be more explicit, this is what happens when users initiate a bridge call with ERC20 tokens on input and output:

1. Users' cryptographic value notes on L2 are destroyed, and they receive cryptographic claim notes which make them eligible for the results of the interaction (output tokens),
2. rollup provider creates a rollup block and sends it to the RollupProcessor contract (the rollup block contains the corresponding bridge call),
3. RollupProcessor calls DefiBridgeProxy's convert(...) function via delegate call (input and output assets are of ERC20 type),
4. DefiBridgeProxy contract transfers totalInputValue of input tokens to the bridge,
5. DefiBridgeProxy calls the bridge's convert function,
6. in the convert function bridge approves RollupProcessor to spend outputValue[A,B] of output tokens,
7. DefiBridgeProxy pulls the outputValue[A,B] of output tokens to RollupProcessor,
8. once the interaction is finished rollup provider submits a claim on behalf of each user who partook in the interaction (claim note is destroyed and new value note is created).

The flow when dealing with ETH on input and output is very similar to the ERC20 one. The difference is that ETH gets passed to the bridge directly as a msg.value of the convert(...) function call. When returning it, the bridge calls RollupProcessor.receiveEthFromBridge{value: outputValue}(uint256 _interactionNonce).

The flow with VIRTUAL asset on the input and output is quite different from the real ones:

1. Users' cryptographic value notes on L2 are destroyed, and they receive cryptographic claim notes which make them eligible for the results of the interaction (output tokens),
2. rollup provider creates a rollup block and sends it to the RollupProcessor contract (the rollup block contains the corresponding bridge call),
3. RollupProcessor calls DefiBridgeProxy's convert(...) function via delegate call (input and output assets are of ERC20 type),
4. DefiBridgeProxy calls the bridge's convert function,
5. DefiBridgeProxy transfers the outputValue[A,B] of output tokens to RollupProcessor,
6. once the interaction is finished rollup provider submits a claim on behalf of each user who partook in the interaction (claim note is destroyed and new value note is created)

We can notice that with virtual assets there are no actual transfers on L1. Virtual assets are used simply as a packet of information which can be used by the bridge to represent some form of ownership. This is far more gas efficient than minting and transferring ERC20 tokens, and generally they are recommended to be used when the bridge holds an asset which is not natively supported by RollupProcessor contract (e.g. NFTs).

When virtual assets are returned from a convert(...) function their assetId is set to the interactionNonce of the bridge call. An interactionNonce is globally unique. Virtual assets can be used to construct complex flows, such as entering or exiting LP positions.

Note 1: Value notes represent ownership of assets on L2.

Note 2: We don't call bridge's convert(...) method directly from the RollupProcessor in order to separate the asset transfer functionality from the main contract.

Note 3: The fact that it's currently impossible to return a virtual assets with the same assetId from multiple convert(...) function calls is a bit limiting and we might change it in the future.

Example flows and asset configurations

1. Swapping - 1 real input, 1 real output
2. Swapping with incentives - 1 real input, 2 real outputs (2nd output reward token)
3. Borrowing - 1 real input (collateral), 1 real output (borrowed asset, e.g. Dai), 1 virtual output (represents the position, e.g. position is a vault in MakerDao)
4. Purchasing an NFT - 1 real input, 1 virtual output (asset representing NFT)
5. Selling an NFT - 1 virtual input (asset representing NFT), 1 real output (e.g. ETH)
6. Repaying a loan - 1 real input (e.g. Dai), 1 virtual input (representing the vault/position), 1 real output (collateral, e.g. ETH)
7. Repaying a loan 2 - 1 real input (e.g. USDC), 1 virtual input (representing the position), 2 real outputs ( 1st output collateral, 2nd output reward token, e.g. AAVE)
8. Partial loan repaying - 1 real input (e.g. Dai), 1 virtual input (representing the vault/position), 1 real output (collateral, e.g. ETH), 1 virtual output (representing the vault/position)
9. Claiming fees from Uniswap position and redepositing them - 1 virtual input (represents LP position NFT), 1 virtual output (representing the modified LP position)

Subsidy integration

There are 2 calls the bridge has to do for the subsidy to work. The first one is calling setGasUsageAndMinGasPerMinute(...) from constructor or any other function which is called before convert(...) method. This method has 3 parameters:

1. _criteria is a value defining a specific bridge call. This value is expected to be computed differently in different bridges and should identify a specific bridge flow (e.g. it can be a hash of the input and output token addresses or just the _auxData or whatever makes sense).
2. _gasUsage is an estimated gas consumption of the bridge call for a given _criteria. This is used as an upper limit for subsidy. If this is set correctly, at maximum less than 100% of the call should be covered since the subsidy computation is only based on base fee and is not taking tips into consideration.
3. _minGasPerMinute is the minimum amount of gas per minute that subsidizer has to subsidize. In general, we recommend this value to be computed in such a way that the subsidy funder has to fund at least 1 call a day (in such a case compute the value as _gasUsage / (24 * 60)). This value is set from the bridge in order to avoid a griefing attack (malicious subsidy funder setting a subsidy with very low minGasPerMinute value and effectively blocking everyone else from subsidizing the given bridge and criteria).

There are 2 versions of this method. In the first one the parameters are single values. In the second one the parameters are arrays of values.

The second required call is calling the claimSubsidy(...) function from within the convert(...) method. This method has 2 parameters:

1. _criteria same as above,
2. _rollupBeneficiary is the address of the beneficiary. This value is passed to the convert(...) function.

For more info on how the Subsidy works see the documentation in the Subsidy.sol file.

See the example bridge for an example subsidy integration.

Contact

Please reach out on Discord with any questions. You can join our Discord here.