A space efficient UTF-8 binary-to-text encoding created as an alternative to base-64 in data URIs. Base-122 is ~14% smaller than equivalent base-64 encoded data. Details of motivation and implementation can be found on this article.
Base-122 is currently an experimental encoding, and may undergo changes.
Base-122 encoding produces UTF-8 characters, but encodes more bits per byte than base-64.
let base122 = require('./base122');
let inputData = require('fs').readFileSync('example.jpg')
let base64Encoded = inputData.toString('base64');
let base122Encoded = Buffer.from(base122.encode(inputData), 'utf8');
console.log("Original size = " + inputData.length); // Original size = 1429
console.log("Base-64 size = " + base64Encoded.length); // Base-64 size = 1908
console.log("Base-122 size = " + base122Encoded.length); // Base-122 size = 1635
console.log("Saved " + (base64Encoded.length - base122Encoded.length) + " bytes") // Saved 273 bytes
Note, even though base-122 produces valid UTF-8 characters, control characters aren't always preserved when copy pasting. Therefore, encodings should be saved to files through scripts, not copy-pasting. Here is an example of saving base-122 to a file:
let base122 = require('./base122'), fs = require('fs');
let encodedData = base122.encode([0b01101100, 0b11110000]);
fs.writeFileSync('encoded.txt', Buffer.from(encodedData), {encoding: 'utf-8'});
And to decode a base-122 encoded file:
let base122 = require('./base122'), fs = require('fs');
let fileData = fs.readFileSync('encoded.txt', {encoding: 'utf-8'});
let decodedData = base122.decode(fileData);
Base-122 was created with the web in mind as an alternative to base-64 in data URIs. However, as explained in this article, base-122 is not recommended to be used in web pages. Base-64 compresses better than base-122 with gzip, and there is a performance penalty of decoding. However, the web decoder is still included in this repository as a proof-of-concept.
The script encodeFile.js is used as a convenience to re-encode base-64 data URIs from an HTML file into base-122.
Suppose you have a base-64 encoded image in the file example.html
as follows:
<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head><meta charset="utf-8"></head>
<body>
<img src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" />
</body>
</html>
This can be re-encoded to base-122 using the following:
node encodeFile.js --html example.html example-base122.html
This produces the file example-base122.html
<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head><meta charset="utf-8"></head>
<body>
<img data-b122="��v�~� J#�(`��� ���m@�0����� @0�Ɔ�A``@( ƅ�!�PP�����q `0�ƅBaPtJ�ʆd1`X, ���21�R*�F#ri@Z(� %�I#�[�`�8��Ƅ�B0P(ҨʅCρ P(�ƅ�A P(�ƅ�A P(�ƅ�A P(�ƅ�A P(�ƅ�A P(�ƅ�A P(�ƅ�G���B���È@�D���@?| ¶�à��������� ���A`o~��À ����������4�à�� ����S=U�oRQʺMf+B0GJTcP>Q;�Py֦Mz�L��GN!j�9TV��ngOC�M�k:=E>s(+�8g�| À��@ ��������� ��� �ΰ)�(Ι�{ ��� P��f9MS<o�j6To�fy3U%r+BeS)y�g<�O>dSD8-A�i9Xn5�sZC6L���1)k�mnXU2JY!H%Җ[2x!RK0=*~�hd}Jí+^7HT�[)I����(�m���*Dsy�B<yӵ�0>s�˅6 Ohlm��XaTK,S�rӎ��^e�>�Zu��.hZ}Ӎ!^�m1r U�| ¨�À����������~h�À`� |���q� D��������� ?{ ��À'p���D������Á@@8������� DD��H���ң8d҃� e�Pl?}P��Àãx�pw�֥c�yF}kFo]4I*4]/Y�T<R֍Q c{-ӥ5VA0W<�DÈX%)�<Ӵ�C9sί>)S4>JM�1*N6�*ƂW,BU��yP^=ǏBm�JE���`lU2Y_p�(�-JBx(J U%4<_p�.'GQ��Y�@�cU.j`Hnc:kƱfA4:Pm@nmH*^Ɣ/o_Fs.�G*y*M'� y�+63�b_�q�À��À ��������À�� E�Q0ְ�ˇ#�m�����H>h2n 4q�J�{Q@zgf>�%@<`.Ҩ7Oj/gz)��yRZ+aDVZh)?Ά��Ƃ�F�D�WB�� ?8(��G�}`9RxBm*hg8�O�-M?;6�pB4<#�j�5)s�0W֗*��HiN2:`{lRhKiaL?lXVq�v7/m!uj+h4gpM�L=֮g|ãEDS �NPh2^+��9Bw3V(k�o6���p+c֥_v^�(�2�IL^AG���;K+�2�uǭt5)(Pt2aO0n˕Ϣlʺ`vs�b�!~ �0CADn�;1ƍG�8|E`M~b�SsfU'�4�à��������PqE��as�K�| ¨�À����������~h�À`� | ��q� D��������� ?{ ��À'q��D�����À ���������Ҕ���Q8d4���ΐp|?}P��À�xBkY9d�p>+Av�ΕSk�P�^X�a9y�i��+=F<viґʟ8f6@*�`���4?;���S?N�+.և�Ps�לu�%�2Mog˸mW�q_p�rҷ�:��)@� FX�6 ]ֿE�ƿ+cƗ1*�:SK|3R,/Mo-ҝLl�m(H{�pzLAD�fm�@�� PMʍa<;a�-.2�zo�à2E�I? |3Ij�E!���,�e�ǥ�u��V~�geiқnao�O�xN� �(8_'vq8-0-#�n�^L'��sDg�t�?`�}X:�pjol�Ic8�)]o'|�,��P+7qM%#>P)/c9I0B�O#5<_ƀX#l�cJp`ΕҾGua��ևH@UH9xe(�v�WPql���iuGzN!OFπ8j}qi/$k��8W9~�@�ECj)ntnv:c8`�2$]:��k����t9A�DQX?��S<�R�g[��)^�S�*5gƸ9�5��~Y[Ǟο�d�ˡ4qq}[0}|qΥT?R�g�2" />
</body>
</html>
The file decode.min.js is a 469 byte decoder that can be included in web pages with base-122 encoded data. This can be copied into a base-122 encoded file, which will query the DOM for elements with the "data-b122" attribute. Passing the "--addDecoder" flag will automatically include it:
node encodeFile.js --html --add-decoder example.html example-base122.html
Will now produce the file with the decoder:
<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head><meta charset="utf-8"></head>
<body>
<img data-b122="��v�~� J#�(`��� ���m@�0����� @0�Ɔ�A``@( ƅ�!�PP�����q `0�ƅBaPtJ�ʆd1`X, ���21�R*�F#ri@Z(� %�I#�[�`�8��Ƅ�B0P(ҨʅCρ P(�ƅ�A P(�ƅ�A P(�ƅ�A P(�ƅ�A P(�ƅ�A P(�ƅ�A P(�ƅ�G���B���È@�D���@?| ¶�à��������� ���A`o~��À ����������4�à�� ����S=U�oRQʺMf+B0GJTcP>Q;�Py֦Mz�L��GN!j�9TV��ngOC�M�k:=E>s(+�8g�| À��@ ��������� ��� �ΰ)�(Ι�{ ��� P��f9MS<o�j6To�fy3U%r+BeS)y�g<�O>dSD8-A�i9Xn5�sZC6L���1)k�mnXU2JY!H%Җ[2x!RK0=*~�hd}Jí+^7HT�[)I����(�m���*Dsy�B<yӵ�0>s�˅6 Ohlm��XaTK,S�rӎ��^e�>�Zu��.hZ}Ӎ!^�m1r U�| ¨�À����������~h�À`� |���q� D��������� ?{ ��À'p���D������Á@@8������� DD��H���ң8d҃� e�Pl?}P��Àãx�pw�֥c�yF}kFo]4I*4]/Y�T<R֍Q c{-ӥ5VA0W<�DÈX%)�<Ӵ�C9sί>)S4>JM�1*N6�*ƂW,BU��yP^=ǏBm�JE���`lU2Y_p�(�-JBx(J U%4<_p�.'GQ��Y�@�cU.j`Hnc:kƱfA4:Pm@nmH*^Ɣ/o_Fs.�G*y*M'� y�+63�b_�q�À��À ��������À�� E�Q0ְ�ˇ#�m�����H>h2n 4q�J�{Q@zgf>�%@<`.Ҩ7Oj/gz)��yRZ+aDVZh)?Ά��Ƃ�F�D�WB�� ?8(��G�}`9RxBm*hg8�O�-M?;6�pB4<#�j�5)s�0W֗*��HiN2:`{lRhKiaL?lXVq�v7/m!uj+h4gpM�L=֮g|ãEDS �NPh2^+��9Bw3V(k�o6���p+c֥_v^�(�2�IL^AG���;K+�2�uǭt5)(Pt2aO0n˕Ϣlʺ`vs�b�!~ �0CADn�;1ƍG�8|E`M~b�SsfU'�4�à��������PqE��as�K�| ¨�À����������~h�À`� | ��q� D��������� ?{ ��À'q��D�����À ���������Ҕ���Q8d4���ΐp|?}P��À�xBkY9d�p>+Av�ΕSk�P�^X�a9y�i��+=F<viґʟ8f6@*�`���4?;���S?N�+.և�Ps�לu�%�2Mog˸mW�q_p�rҷ�:��)@� FX�6 ]ֿE�ƿ+cƗ1*�:SK|3R,/Mo-ҝLl�m(H{�pzLAD�fm�@�� PMʍa<;a�-.2�zo�à2E�I? |3Ij�E!���,�e�ǥ�u��V~�geiқnao�O�xN� �(8_'vq8-0-#�n�^L'��sDg�t�?`�}X:�pjol�Ic8�)]o'|�,��P+7qM%#>P)/c9I0B�O#5<_ƀX#l�cJp`ΕҾGua��ևH@UH9xe(�v�WPql���iuGzN!OFπ8j}qi/$k��8W9~�@�ECj)ntnv:c8`�2$]:��k����t9A�DQX?��S<�R�g[��)^�S�*5gƸ9�5��~Y[Ǟο�d�ˡ4qq}[0}|qΥT?R�g�2" />
<script>!function(){function e(e){function t(e){e<<=1,l|=e>>>i,i+=7,i>=8&&(c[o++]=l,i-=8,l=e<<7-i&255)}for(var a=e.dataset.b122,n=e.dataset.b122m||"image/jpeg",r=[0,10,13,34,38,92],c=new Uint8Array(1.75*a.length|0),o=0,l=0,i=0,f=0;f<a.length;f++){var b=a.charCodeAt(f);if(b>127){var d=b>>>8&7;7!=d&&t(r[d]),t(127&b)}else t(b)}e.src=URL.createObjectURL(new Blob([new Uint8Array(c,0,o)],{type:n}))}for(var t=document.querySelectorAll("[data-b122]"),a=0;a<t.length;a++)e(t[a])}();</script></body>
</html>
If contributing changes to encoder/decoder functions, first run the tests with npm test
. Note that there are two slightly different forms of the decoder function. base122.js contains a decoder function for the NodeJS implementation, while decode.js contains the decoder function with slight changes to run in the browser. Run npm run-script minify
to minify decode.js into decode.min.js.