docs: refactor exception usage

[sobolevn]

I made quite a lot of changes:

1. I replaced :doc: with :ref: since it is more reliable
2. I replaced things like

:class:`HTTPException <.exceptions.http_exceptions.HTTPException>`

to be just

:class:`~litestar.exceptions.http_exceptions.HTTPException`

Because it the same thing

3. I changed a lot of wordings to be more readable (for my taste, please, suggest better ones)
4. I changed .. :currentmodule:: litestar.exceptions.http_exceptions in two ways: removed py, because it is the default role, and reset it after the table. It can be very hard to find why something does not work in the future, when you manipulate current module without reseting it properly
5. I moved exception in the table to be ordered by error code, it used to be:

6. I moved the paragraph about handling exceptions in different layers of the app after we introduce the layers concept :)

[sonarqubecloud]

Quality Gate passed

Issues
0 New issues
0 Accepted issues

Measures
0 Security Hotspots
0.0% Coverage on New Code
0.0% Duplication on New Code

See analysis details on SonarCloud

[github-actions]

Documentation preview will be available shortly at https://litestar-org.github.io/litestar-docs-preview/3823