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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion pages/Lesson1.html
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Expand Up @@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ <h3>Additional Roots</h3>
<td>tool</td>
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</table>

<p>Kawaba has 6 classes of word - noun, verb, adjective/adverb, preposition, number, and conjunction. The word classes of kawaba words are the same as the corresponding English word (i.e., English "sky" is a noun, thus so is kawaba "pin"), however, with some kawaba magic taught in lesson X this can be changed. (There is also a table colour coded by word class coming soon).</p>
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162 changes: 41 additions & 121 deletions pages/Lesson2.html
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Expand Up @@ -31,117 +31,50 @@ <h1>kawaba</h1>
</header>

<div id="content">
<h2>Lesson 2 - Basic sentences</h2>
<p>
A basic kawaba sentence follows the structure <code>subject - verb - object</code>.<br>
To indicate the role that each word plays in a sentence, kawaba uses markers! All grammatical markers take
the form <b><span class="tlt">{n|'n'} {V|vowel}</span></b>.
</p>

<h3>Subject marker <span class="tlt">{ne|subject marker}</span></h3>
<p>
<span class="tlt">{ne|subject marker}</span> marks the subject of a sentence. In the English sentence "I
like
birds", "I" is the subject.<br>
It always comes <b>after</b> the word that it is marking.
</p>
<p>
Open the <a href=table.html>root tables</a> to try to translate these simple sentences. Remember that in
kawaba, any word can take on any part of speech!
</p>
<p>
<span class="tlt">{★ |"you are good"} {ga |you} {ne |subject marker} {pe |good}</span>​​ ​<span
class="tlt">{★ |"I eat/drink"} {da | I/me} {ne | subject marker} {min |eat/drink}</span>​ ​​<span
class="tlt">{★ |"a creature dies"} {pun | creature} {ne | subject marker} {ta |die}</span>
</p>
<p>
Good job! You just read your first kawaba sentences. In kawaba, there is no default number or tense. The
last sentence could be translated as <span class=tlt>{★★★| "creatures are dying"}</span>, <span
class="tlt">{★★★|"a creature died"}</span>, or any other possible combination of numbers and tenses.
</p>

<h3>Object marker <span class="tlt">{no|object marker}</span></h3>
<p>
<span class="tlt">{no|object marker}</span> marks the object of a sentence. In the English sentence "I see a
cat", "a cat" is the object.
<br>
It always comes <b>before</b> the word it is marking.
</p>
<p>Try to translate these simple sentences: </p>
<p>
<span class="tlt">{★ |"I see you"} {da |I/me} {ne |subject marker} {wi |see} {no | object marker} {ga |
you}</span>​ ​
<span class="tlt">{★ |"a creature says a word"} {pun | creature} {ne | subject marker} {wa |say} {no |
object marker} {ja | word}</span>​ ​
<span class="tlt">{★ |"You eat/drink this"} {ga |you} {ne | subject marker} {min |eat/drink} {no |object
marker} {je | this}</span>
</p>

<!--Spacer-->
<p>​</p>

<p>
Well done! Notice that <span class="tlt">{ne|subject marker}</span> always comes <b>before</b> the verb, and
<span class="tlt">{no|object marker}</span> always comes <b>directly after</b>.
<br>
This makes it easy to
tell which word is the verb in a sentence.
</p>

<hr>

<h3>Other markers</h3>
<p>
kawaba has three other markers: <span class="tlt">{na|context marker}</span>,
<span class="tlt">{ni|location marker}</span>, and <span class="tlt">{nu|temporal marker}</span>. These are
used to add additional information to a sentence.
</p>


<h3>Context marker <span class="tlt">{na|context marker}</span></h3>
<p>
<span class="tlt">{na|topic marker}</span> marks the context of a sentence. <br>In kawaba, the pattern "<code>word na sentence</code>" can be read as:
</p>
<ul class="dashed">
<li>in the context of <b>word</b>, <i>sentence</i></li>
<li>from the viewpoint of <b>word</b>, <i>sentence</i></li>
<li><b> word</b>; <i>sentence</i></li>
<h2>Lesson 2 - Grammar</h2>
<p> Here is an overview of kawaba grammar:
<ul>
<li>Sentences in kawaba have the structure <code>subject - verb - object</code>.</li>
<li>Adjectives and adverbs come after the word that they modify.</li>
<li>Questions are marked using the word <span class="tlt">{nu|question marker}</span>. This applies to polar questions AND open questions.</li>
<li>The imperative is formed using the marker <span class="tlt">{no|imperative marker}></span>.</li>
<li>There are two ways of nesting sentences - You can reference the subordinate clause (for example "I think this: creatures are good"), OR you can use the preposition <span class="tlt">{u|vague preposition}</span> to link the sentences. (More on this later in the lesson).</li>
</ul>
<p>If you speak toki pona, you can liken na to "la" (but it is not used for time).<br>Now, try to translate these simple sentences: </p>
<p>
<span class="tlt">{★ |"The truth; I am inside a house."} {ha |true} {na |context marker} {da |I/me} {ne |
subject marker} {ho | inside} {no |object marker} {lin|house}</span>​ ​
<span class="tlt">{★ |"From the viewpoint of me,
this is good."} {da |I/me} {na |context marker} {je |this} {ne | subject marker} {pe | good}</span>​ ​
<span class="tlt">{★ | "Maybe; I am a creature"} {tu |maybe} {na |context marker} {da |I/me} {ne | subject marker} {pun|creature}</span>

</p>
<p> ​</p>
<h3>Time and place: <span class="tlt">{nu|temporal marker}</span> and <span class="tlt">{ni|location marker}</span></h3>
<p>kawaba uses markers to indicate the contextual factors of time and place. They always come <b>after</b> the word they mark.<br>Try to use your intuition to translate these sentences:</p>
<p>
<span class="tlt">{★ |"In a house, a creature eats."} {lin |house} {ni |location marker} {pun |creature} {ne |
subject marker} {min | eats}</span>​ ​<span class="tlt">{★ |"For a long time, you live"
} {lu |long time} {nu |temporal marker} {ga |you} {ne | subject marker} {pa | live}</span>​ ​
<span class="tlt">{★ | "For a moment in the water, I touch a creature."} {hu |moment} {nu |temporal marker} {gin |water} {ni | location marker} {da | I/me} {ne | subject marker} {ji | touch} {no | object marker} {pun |creature}</span>
</p>
<h3>Location marker <span class="tlt">{nu|location marker}</span></h3>
<p>
<span class="tlt">{nu|location marker}</span> marks the location of a sentence, similar to the preposition 'at' or 'in'.

</p>
<p><span class="tlt">{nu|temporal marker}</span>, when used with a non temporal word, can be read as "during" or "while", as in <span class="tlt">{★|"During sleep, I breathe"} {bun |sleep} {nu |temporal marker} {da | I/me} {ne |subject marker} {kun|breathe}.</span>.</p>

<h3>Basic sentences</h3>
<p>Let's get right into reading some kawaba! Use the <a href=table.html> table</a> to figure out what these sentences mean. Hover over the words to see the meaning, and the star to see a translation of the whole sentence.</p>

<hr>
<h3>Other uses of <span class="tlt">{na| context marker}</span></h3>
<p><span class="tlt">{na| context marker} </span> can be combined with the words <span class="tlt">{ma| "like/way/as"}</span>,<span class="tlt">{me| "compared to"}</span>,<span class="tlt">{mi| "if"}</span>,<span class="tlt">{mu| "because"}</span> and <span class="tlt">{mo| "to be"}</span> to form more complex sentences. Rather than explaining, here is an example of each with some notes:</p>
<p><span class="tlt">{★ | "You eat/drink like a creature!"} {ma |like/way/as} {pun | creature} {na | context marker} {ga | you} {ne | subject marker} {min!| eat/drink}</span> : "<code>ma X na sentence</code>" = <i>like X</i>, <b>sentence</b> happens.</p>
<p><span class="tlt">{★ | "Compared to me, this is small."} {me |compared to} {da | I/me} {na | context marker} {je | this} {ne | subject marker} {be.| small}</span> : "<code>me X na sentence</code>" = <i>compared to X</i>, <b>sentence</b></p>
<p><span class="tlt">{★ | "If moon; stars."} {mi |if} {tin | moon} {na | context marker} {din| star}</span> : "<code>mi X na sentence</code>" = <i>if X</i>, then <b>sentence</b></p>
<p><span class="tlt">{★ | "Because of this, you see me."} {mu |because} {je | this} {na | context marker} {ga | you} {ne | subject marker} {wi | see} {no |object marker} {da.|I/me} </span> : "<code>mu X na sentence</code>" = <i>because of X</i>, <b>sentence</b> happens/is true.</p>
<p><span class="tlt">{★ | "There is a person. (A person exists)"} {mo |to be} {sa | person} {na| context marker}</span> : "<code>mo X na sentence</code>" = <i>there is X</i> such that <b>sentence</b> happens/is true. (alone, this is just "there is X")</p>
<hr>
<h3>Conclusion and review</h3>
<p>Good job on this lesson! We have learned the 5 grammatical markers in kawaba.</p>
<center><p>
<span class="tlt">
{★ |I want water.} {da |I/me} {ji |want} {gin.|water}</span>​ ​
<span class="tlt">
{★ |You see a creature.} {ga |you} {wi |see} {pun.|creature}</span>​ ​
<span class="tlt">{★ |They love colour.} {la |they} {mo |love} {san.|colour}</span>
<span class="tlt">
{★ |This contains cloth.} {je |this} {pi |contain} {lan.|cloth}
</span>​ ​
</p></center>

<p>Nice! Notice that in kawaba, words are not marked for number, so <span class="tlt">{pun|creature}</span> could mean "a/the creature" or "creatures" depending on context.</p>
<h3>Adverbs and adjectives</h3>
<p>In kawaba, adverbs and adjectives come after the word they modify. Here are some more complex sentences using adverbs and adjectives:</p>

<center><p>
<span class="tlt">
{★ |The big creature thinks differently.} {pun |creature} {bo |big} {di |feel} {me.|different.}</span>​ ​
<span class="tlt">
{★ |Big groups easily control small groups.} {ton |group} {bo |big} {don |control} {jen |easy} {ton |group} {ko.|small}</span>​ ​
<span class="tlt">{★ |I broke the glass thing.} {da |I/me} {gu |broke} {o |thing} {gan.|glass}</span>
</p></center>
<h3>Questions and commands</h3>
<p>To make a sentence into a polar question, end it with <span class="tlt">{nu|question marker}</span>. </p>
<center><p><span class="tlt">{★ | Do creatures speak?} {pun |creature} {wa |speak} {nu?|question marker}</span>
<span class="tlt">{★ |Do you know?} {ga |you} {gi |know} {nu?|question marker} </span></p></center>
<p>Questions using <span class="tlt">{le|what}</span> are also marked using <span class="tlt">{nu|question marker}</span>.</p>

ignore this
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<table>
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Expand All @@ -162,19 +95,6 @@ <h3>Conclusion and review</h3>
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</table>

<p><b>Comes after the word it is marking:</b></p>
<ul class="dashed">
<li><span class="tlt">{ne|subject marker}</span> : subject marker</li>
<li><span class="tlt">{na|context marker}</span> : context marker</li>
<li><span class="tlt">{nu|temporal marker}</span> : temporal marker</li>
<li><span class="tlt">{ni|topic marker}</span> : location marker</li>
</ul>
<p><b>Comes before the word it is marking:</b></p>
<ul class="dashed"><li><span class="tlt">{no|object marker}</span> : object marker</li></ul>

<p><span class="tlt">{na|context marker}</span> behaves differently with the <b><span class="tlt">{m|"m"} {V|vowel}</span></b> root words, and can be used to show similarity, to create comparisons or conditionals, to show causation, and to make universal claims ("there is a ...").</p>

<p>You also learned some kawaba roots in this lesson; visit <a href="wordsbylesson.html">this page</a> to review them!<br>Otherwise, you can go to <a href="Lesson3.html">Lesson 3: basic compound words</a>. See you there!</p>
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