This Trac Processor (i.e., interpreter) implements Calvin N. Mooers Trac T-64 standard, as described in his 1972 "Definition and Standard for Trac (R) T-64 Language", also know as RR-284. The same page has a link to a "beginner's manual" for Trac.

Clicking here will run this Trac processor on replit.com. You can click here for a bit of background and an explanation of the example scripts. For a more long-winded history and recollections, see my blog post about this project.

The GitHub home page for this project is https://github.com/natkuhn/Trac-in-Python. If you are looking at this file on that page, you can download the file archive just by clicking the "Download ZIP" button in the right-hand sidebar.

This archive contains: this README file, and the trac.py source code. I have also included a few sample scripts. Try typing:

#(fb,fact.trac)#(fact,5)'

The program runs well under Python 2.7, and I tried to make it as compatible with Python 3 as possible, but as of January 2020 it crashes in Python 3, and there may be additional problems in terms of how unicode-friendly it isn't. I have successfully run it on Mac OS X, where it was developed, and on Windows. It should also run on Linux, but I haven't tried it yet.

If you don't have Python 2.7 on your computer, you will need to download it.

Then, you will need to be at a command line ("Command Prompt" on Windows, Terminal on Mac OS). Typing python trac.py will hopefully get you started. To exit, type #(hl)' (the "Halt" primitive), or generate an end-of-file (^D on Mac OS/Linux, ^Z on Windows). I was able to double-click the "trac.py" file in Windows, and it worked.

On Mac and Linux it will use an enhanced input interface with cursor keys, command history, etc (see below). To use this on Windows (which I highly recommend), you have to download a program called ANSICON, or use the Unix- like environment Cygwin (www.cygwin.org). For more on ANSICON, see below. If you want to run it in Cygwin, you need to install the Cygwin python package; it will not run in Windows-native Python under Cygwin.

There are a few deviations from the Mooers standard, including some improvements:

1. In the Mooers standard, the storage primitives (fb,sb,eb) store a "hardware address" of the storage block in a named form. I could have slavishly followed this, putting the file name in a form, but instead, you just supply the file name as the argument, e.g. #(fb,fact.trac)' gets the forms in a file "fact.trac" rather than from an address (filename) stored in the form named fact.trac

2. I stuck some extra spaces in the trace (#(TN)) output for readability

3. There are a couple extra primitives:

• #(rm,a,b,default) is a "remainder" function, returns a mod b, and the default arg for dividing by 0, just as in DV

• NI (neutral implied) #(ni,a,b) returns a if the last implied call ("default call") was neutral. This allows scripts to function more like true primitives. For example:

#(ds,repeat,(#(eq,*2,0,,(#(ni,#)#(cl,*1)#(cl,repeat,*1,#(su,*2,1))))))'
#(ss,repeat,*1,*2)'
#(ds,a,(#(ps,hello)))'
#(repeat,a,5)'
hellohellohellohellohello
##(repeat,a,5)'
#(ps,hello)#(ps,hello)#(ps,hello)#(ps,hello)#(ps,hello)

NI was described to me by Claude Kagan, and I always thought it was part of the T-64 standard, but it's not in the Mooers document cited above. I have no idea whether the idea came from Claude, Mooers, or somewhere else.
Presumably not from Mooers, because he used the term "default call" while Claude used the term "implied call."

4. The "up arrow" (shift-6 on the teletype) was replaced by the caret probably in the early 1970s. I use the caret in PF, though with this new-fangled unicode stuff you could probably manage a real up-arrow. :-/

5. Terminal i/o: #(mo,rt,term-mode) allows you to set the terminal mode to a, b, or l. #(mo,rt) returns the current mode, in lower case. Incidentally, rt is for "reactive typewriter," Mooers' term for an interactive terminal.

• l (line-oriented i/o): uses sys.stdin.readline(), so that you need to hit <enter> before anything is actually read. Any newline immediately after a meta character is stripped out.

• b (basic terminal): implements a rudimentary backspace, which works back to the last newline, and then echoes deleted characters between backslashes. Default mode for Windows, has known issues. Based on code from Ben Kuhn.|

• a (ANSI terminal [e.g., VT-100] mode): default mode for Unix/Mac OS X; also works on Windows as described below. Works with backspace, delete, cursor up/down/left/right, and implements unix shell-style history using alt-left-arrow and alt-right-arrow (alt-up and alt-down on Windows). Shift-left- and right-arrow (alt-left and alt-right on Windows) move to beginning and end of the current line. I hope someone likes this because it was painful to implement! In ANSI mode, #(mo,rt) returns a,switches,columns,rows; to see those, you need to type ##(mo,rt)'.

6. In ANSI mode of #5 above, I have implemented an extended version of read string: #(rs,init string,displacement): it is as if the user has already entered 'init string' with the cursor placed at 'displacement'. If 'displacement' is positive or 0 is is from the start of the string; if it is negative or -0 it is from the end, i.e. -0 positions the cursor at the very end of the string. This makes scripts like this one, to edit a form, possible:

#(ds,edit,(#(ds,**,##(rs,##(cl,**,<1>,<2>,<3>,<4>,<5>,<6>),-0))#(ss,**,<1>,<2>,<3>,<4>,<5>,<6>)))
#(ss,edit,**)

#(edit,form) then allows you to edit 'form'. Note you must move the cursor to the end before you hit the meta character, otherwise it will get truncated. Hitting down-arrow repeatedly is a quick way to move it to the end.

See more information on ANSI mode below.

7. I have also added an 'unforgiving' mode: #(mo,e,u) turns it on and #(mo,e,-u) turns it off. It generates error messages and terminates scripts for things such as 'form not found', 'too many arguments', 'too few arguments,' etc. Per Mooers extra arguments should be ignored, missing arguments filled with null strings (with few exceptions such as the block primitives). There may be a few scripts that depend on this feature. In any case, it is turned off as a default.

8. See other extensions to MO in the mode class in the source code.

Thanks to Ben Kuhn for getting me Hooked on Pythonics (and for getting me going on improving RS); to John Levine for consultation, stimulation, and general interest; and to Andrew Walker for his enthusiasm and support.

Please feel free to report bugs or request features!

Nat Kuhn (NSK, [email protected])

More information on ANSI terminal mode and ANSICON:

For ANSICON, see http://adoxa.altervista.org/ansicon/index.html. Download the full package, use either the x86 (32-bit) or x64 (64-bit). Double-click on ANSICON, and then enter python trac.py -mo,rt,a (supplying the appropriate paths for the files, if necessary).

Known issue with the Windows Console: when you make the window narrower, it doesn't wrap the lines at the new width, it just makes a scroll bar. As a result I just leave the line width at buffer width. If you want a truly narrower window, use Cygwin.

Shift-left and shift-right go to beginning and end of line (alt-left and alt-right in Windows ANSICON).

Alt-left and Alt-right go backwards and forwards through history (alt-up and alt-down in Windows ANSICON).

#(mo,rt,a,switches,columns,rows)

Switches (default is +o+e+l):

The first set of switches has to do with ascertaining the screen size. It tries whichever of the the following methods are enabled (o and e by default), in order, and uses the first successful one. If +d is enabled it tries the other enabled modes and reports any discrepancies—mainly useful for debugging:

• 'o': get screen size from OS (seems to work pretty universally)

• t: get screen size from polling the terminal using ESC sequences (works on OS X Terminal.app and not many others; prints garbage chars in ANSICON)

• s: get screen size from using 'tput' in subprocesses (supposedly necessary for cygwin using native Windows Python, but character- by-character I/O doesn't work under those circumstances anyway

• e: get screen size from environment variables (does not vary dynamically as user resizes screen, so a next-to-last resort)

• f: use fixed screen size, as set by columns, rows; default 80,25. These arguments can be present and they set the screen size for +f should it be activated in the future

• d report discrepancies from the above methods

The second set of switches has to do with ascertaining the location of the cursor on the screen, mainly used to for figuring out when up-arrow would go off top of screen (default is +l):

• l get screen location by polling the terminal
• v validate screen position and give error if it isn't correct (errors can be thrown by excessively fast typing, or by bug in ANSICON on Windows); again mainly for debugging

#(mo,rt) returns a,switches,cols,rows where cols,rows is the actual reported size of the screen. Note that for all this to print you need to use ##(mo,rt)