VintageNet is network configuration library built specifically for Nerves Project devices. It replaced nerves_networking. It offers:

• Default configurations specified in your Application config
• Runtime updates to configurations are persisted and applied on next boot (configurations are obfuscated by default to hide WiFi passphrases)
• Simple subscription to network status change events
• Connect to multiple networks at a time and prioritize which interfaces are used (Ethernet over WiFi over cellular)
• Internet connection monitoring and failure detection
• Predictable network interface names
• Supports:
  • Ethernet
  • WiFi
  • QMI
  • Mobile networking
  • Wireguard
  • Bridge networking
  • Direct network connection
  • Extendible to other technologies

Getting started

The package can be installed by adding it to your list of dependencies in mix.exs, along with any relevant technologies:

def deps do
  #..
  {:vintage_net, "~> 0.13"},
  {:vintage_net_ethernet, "~> 0.11"},
  {:vintage_net_wifi, "~> 0.12"},
  #..
end

In your config.exs or appropriate target config:

config :vintage_net,
  regulatory_domain: "US", # Change to match your area
  config: [
    {"eth0", %{
       type: VintageNetEthernet,
       ipv4: %{
         method: :dhcp
       }
     }}
    {"wlan0",
      %{
        type: VintageNetWiFi,
        vintage_net_wifi: %{
          networks: [
            %{
              key_mgmt: :wpa_psk,
              ssid: "Your WiFi SSID",
              psk: "passphrase or psk",
            }
          ]
        },
        ipv4: %{method: :dhcp},
      }
    }
  ]

For more variants, see the VintageNet Cookbook. It covers:

• Compile-time vs. run-time
• Static IPs
• Enterprise WiFi (802.1X/EAP/PEAP/MSCHAP)
• Hidden WiFi
• Access Point mode
• Custom WPA Supplicant configuration
• Bridged Mesh WiFi via 802.11s
• WAN sharing
• Power management
• and more

If using nerves_network or nerves_init_gadget, read the Migration section.

About

The following network configurations are supported:

• Wired Ethernet, IPv4 DHCP
• Wired Ethernet, IPv4 static IP
• WiFi password-less and WEP
• WPA2 PSK and EAP
• USB gadget mode Ethernet, IPv4 DHCP server to supply host IP address
• Cellular networks (see vintage_net_qmi and vintage_net_mobile for details)
• WiFi AP mode
• IPv6 - Partially supported. SLAAC configuration works.

vintage_net takes a different approach to networking from nerves_network. Its focus is on building and applying network configurations. Where nerves_network provided configurable state machines, vintage_net turns human-readable configurations into everything from configuration files and calls to ip to starting up networking GenServers and routing table updates. This makes it easier to add support for new network technologies and features. While Elixir and Erlang were great to implement network protocols in, it was frequently more practical to reuse embedded Linux implementations. Importantly, though, vintage_net monitors Linux daemons under its OTP supervision tree so failures on both the "C" and Elixir sides propagate in the expected ways.

Another important difference is that VintageNet doesn't attempt to make incremental modifications to configurations. It completely tears down an interface's connection and then brings up new configurations in a fresh state. Network reconfiguration is assumed to be an infrequent event so while this can cause a hiccup in the network connectivity, it removes state machine code that made nerves_network hard to maintain.

Configuration

VintageNet has many application configuration keys. Most defaults are fine. At a minimum, you'll want to specify a default configuration and default regulatory domain if using WiFi. In your main config.exs, add the following:

config :vintage_net,
  regulatory_domain: "US",
  config: [
    {"eth0", %{type: VintageNetEthernet, ipv4: %{method: :dhcp}}},
    {"wlan0", %{type: VintageNetWiFi}}
  ]

This sets the regulatory domain to the US (set to your ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code. This code is passed on to the drivers for WiFi and other wireless networking technologies so that they comply with local regulations. If you need a global default, set to "00" or don't set at all. Unfortunately, this may mean that an access point isn't visible if it is running on a frequency that's allowed in your country, but not globally.

The config section is a list of network configurations. The one shown above configures DHCP on wired Ethernet and minimally starts up a WiFi LAN so that it's possible to scan for networks. The typical setup is to provide generic defaults here. Static IP addresses, WiFi SSIDs and credentials are more appropriately configured at run-time. VintageNet persists configurations too. Details on network configuration are described later.

The following table describes the other application config keys.

Key	Description
config	A list of default network configurations
tmpdir	Path to a temporary directory for VintageNet
udhcpc_handler	Module for handling notifications from udhcpc
resolvconf	Path to /etc/resolv.conf
persistence	Module for persisting network configurations
persistence_dir	Path to a directory for storing persisted configurations
persistence_secret	A 16-byte secret or a function or MFArgs (module, function, arguments tuple) for getting a secret
internet_host_list	IP address or hostnames and ports to try to connect to for checking Internet connectivity. Defaults to a list of large public DNS providers. E.g., [{{1, 1, 1, 1}, 53}].
regulatory_domain	ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country (00 for global, US, etc.)
additional_name_servers	List of DNS servers to be used in addition to any supplied by an interface. E.g., [{1, 1, 1, 1}, {8, 8, 8, 8}]
route_metric_fun	Customize how network interfaces are prioritized. See VintageNet.Route.DefaultMetric.compute_metric/2

Network interface configuration

VintageNet supports several network technologies out of the box and third-party libraries can provide more via the VintageNet.Technology behaviour.

Configurations are Elixir maps. These are specified in three places:

1. The vintage_net application config (e.g., your config.exs)
2. Locally saved configuration (see the VintageNet.Persistence behaviour for replacing the default)
3. Calling VintageNet.configure/2 to change the configuration at run-time

When vintage_net starts, it applies saved configurations first and if any thing is wrong with those configs, it reverts to the application config. A good practice is to have safe defaults for all network interfaces in the application config.

The only required key in the configuration maps is :type. All other keys follow from the type. :type should be set to a module that implements the VintageNet.Technology behaviour. The following are common technologies:

• VintageNetEthernet - Standard wired Ethernet
• VintageNetWiFi - Client configurations for 802.11 WiFi
• VintageNetDirect - Direct connections like those used for USB gadget connections
• VintageNet.Technology.Null - An empty configuration useful for turning off a configuration

See the links above for specific documentation.

Persistence

By default, VintageNet stores network configuration to disk. If you are migrating from nerves_network you may already have a persistence implementation. To disable the default persistence, configure vintage_net as follows:

config :vintage_net,
  persistence: VintageNet.Persistence.Null

Debugging

Debugging networking issues is not fun. When you're starting out with vintage_net, it is highly recommended to connect to your target using a method that doesn't require networking to work. This could be a UART connection to an IEx console on a Nerves device or maybe just hooking up a keyboard and monitor.

If having trouble, first check VintageNet.info() to verify the configuration and connection status:

iex> VintageNet.info
VintageNet 0.3.0

All interfaces:       ["eth0", "lo", "tap0", "wlan0"]
Available interfaces: ["eth0", "wlan0"]

Interface eth0
  Type: VintageNetEthernet
  Present: true
  State: :configured
  Connection: :internet
  Configuration:
    %{ipv4: %{method: :dhcp}, type: VintageNetEthernet}

Interface wlan0
  Type: VintageNetWiFi
  Present: true
  State: :configured
  Connection: :internet
  Configuration:
    %{
      ipv4: %{method: :dhcp},
      type: VintageNetWiFi,
      wifi: %{
        key_mgmt: :wpa_psk,
        mode: :infrastructure,
        psk: "******",
        ssid: "MyLAN"
      }
    }

If you're using Toolshed, try running the following:

iex> ifconfig
lo: flags=[:up, :loopback, :running]
    inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
    inet ::1  netmask ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff
    hwaddr 00:00:00:00:00:00

eth0: flags=[:up, :broadcast, :running, :multicast]
    inet 192.168.9.131  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.9.255
    inet fe80::6264:5ff:fee1:4045  netmask ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::
    hwaddr 60:64:05:e1:40:45

wlan0: flags=[:up, :broadcast, :running, :multicast]
    inet 192.168.9.175  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.9.255
    inet fe80::20c:e7ff:fe11:3d46  netmask ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::
    hwaddr 00:0c:e7:11:3d:46

Or ping:

iex> ping "nerves-project.com"
Press enter to stop
Response from nerves-project.com (96.126.123.244): time=48.87ms
Response from nerves-project.com (96.126.123.244): time=42.856ms
Response from nerves-project.com (96.126.123.244): time=43.097ms

You can also specify an interface to use with ping:

iex> ping "nerves-project.com", ifname: "wlan0"
Press enter to stop
Response from nerves-project.com (96.126.123.244): time=57.817ms
Response from nerves-project.com (96.126.123.244): time=46.796ms

iex> ping "nerves-project.com", ifname: "eth0"
Press enter to stop
Response from nerves-project.com (96.126.123.244): time=47.923ms
Response from nerves-project.com (96.126.123.244): time=48.688ms

If it looks like nothing is working, check the logs. On Nerves devices, this is frequently done by calling RingLogger.next or RingLogger.attach.

At a last resort, please open a GitHub issue. We would be glad to help. We only have one ask and that is that you get us started with an improvement to our documentation or code so that the next person to run into the issue will have an easier time. Thanks!

Properties

VintageNet maintains a key/value store for retrieving information on networking information:

iex> VintageNet.get(["interface", "eth0", "connection"])
:internet

iex> VintageNet.get_by_prefix([])
[
  {["interface", "eth0", "connection"], :internet},
  {["interface", "eth0", "state"], :configured},
  {["interface", "eth0", "type"], VintageNetEthernet},
  {["interface", "wlan0", "connection"], :internet},
  {["interface", "wlan0", "state"], :configured},
  {["interface", "wlan0", "type"], VintageNetWiFi}
]

You can also subscribe to keys and receive a message every time it or one its child keys changes:

iex> VintageNet.subscribe(["interface", "eth0"])
:ok

iex> flush
{VintageNet, ["interface", "eth0", "state"], :configuring, :configured, %{old_timestamp: 123456, new_timestamp: 124456}}

The message format is {VintageNet, name, old_value, new_value, metadata}

Metadata fields include at least the following:

• :old_timestamp - the timestamp for when the property first had the old_value
• :new_timestamp - the timestamp when the property changed from the old_value to the new_value

Timestamps are all captured by calling System.monotonic_time/0 so they're in :native time units.

Use System.convert_time_unit/3 to convert to the usual time units.

Global properties

Property	Values	Description
available_interfaces	[eth0, ...]	Currently available network interfaces in priority order. E.g., the first one is used by default
connection	:disconnected, :lan, :internet	The overall network connection status. This is the best status of all interfaces.
name_servers	[%{address: ..., from: []}]	Name server addresses and where VintageNet learned about them

Common network interface properties

All network interface properties can be found under ["interface", ifname] in the PropertyTable. The following table lists out properties common to all interfaces:

Property	Values	Description
type	VintageNetEthernet, etc.	The type of the interface
config	%{...}	The configuration for this interface
state	:configured, :configuring, etc.	The state of the interface from VintageNet's point of view.
hw_path	"/devices/platform/ocp/4a100000.ethernet"	This is how Linux internally views the connections going to the interface.
connection	:disconnected, :lan, :internet	This provides a determination of the Internet connection status
lower_up	true or false	This indicates whether the physical layer is "up". E.g., a cable is connected or WiFi associated
mac_address	"11:22:33:44:55:66"	The interface's MAC address as a string
addresses	[address_info]	This is a list of all of the addresses assigned to this interface
dhcp_options	%{...}	When DHCP is in use, the processed response information and options is stored here. See t:VintageNet.DHCP.Options.t/0

Specific types of interfaces provide more parameters.

Predictable network interface names

When using more than one of the same type of interface, it's possible for Linux to reorder their naming. For example, if you have two USB WiFi adapters, one will be named wlan0 and the other wlan1. Which one is first depends on things like when the adapter is found and when kernel modules are loaded. This can vary between boots and cause a lot of confusion.

The solution is to rename network interfaces based on characteristics of the interface - such as how it's connected. Then application software refers to the new name rather than names like wlan0. This is a common problem, and VintageNet provides support for automatically renaming network interfaces.

If you're used to systemd's approach to naming interfaces, be aware that VintageNet's approach is different: systemd has an algorithm for generating names (e.g., enp4s0) automatically. VintageNet requires you to provide the names to use (e.q., internet0, lan0, etc.) and how they map to hardware. If VintageNet is confronted with a network interface that is connected in a way that it doesn't know about, it will do nothing.

IMPORTANT: Do not mix and match predictable interface names and non-predictable interface names (wlan*, eth*, usb*, wwan*). It is confusing and VintageNet will fight you.

Before switching to predictable names, find out how your network interfaces are connected. For example, this device has an Ethernet interface and two USB WiFi dongles:

iex> VintageNet.match(["interface", :_, "hw_path"])
[
  {["interface", "eth0", "hw_path"], "/devices/platform/ocp/4a100000.ethernet"},
  {["interface", "lo", "hw_path"], "/devices/virtual"},
  {["interface", "wlan0", "hw_path"], "/devices/platform/ocp/47400000.usb/47401c00.usb/musb-hdrc.1/usb2/2-1/2-1:1.0"},
  {["interface", "wlan1", "hw_path"], "/devices/platform/ocp/47400000.usb/47401400.usb/musb-hdrc.0/usb1/1-1/1-1:1.4"}
]

Now update your config.exs with the mappings with the :ifnames key. Be sure to also update the default configuration with the new interface names. Continuing the example, imagine that one WiFi adapter supports 802.11 meshing and it's guaranteed to be in one USB port on the device. The other USB port can have any of a few types of USB WiFi modules. We need to use predictable naming in this case so that meshing is only setup on the adapter that supports it.

config :vintage_net,
  ifnames: [
    %{
      hw_path: "/devices/platform/ocp/4a100000.ethernet",
      ifname: "ethernet0"
    },
    %{
      hw_path: "/devices/platform/ocp/47400000.usb/47401c00.usb/musb-hdrc.1/usb2/2-1/2-1:1.0",
      ifname: "primary_wifi"
    },
    %{
      hw_path: "/devices/platform/ocp/47400000.usb/47401400.usb/musb-hdrc.0/usb1/1-1/1-1:1.4",
      ifname: "mesh_wifi"
    }
  ],
  config: [
    {"ethernet0", %{type: VintageNetEthernet}},
    {"primary_wifi", %{type: VintageNetWiFi}},
    {"mesh_wifi", %{type: VintageNetWiFi}}
  ]

IMPORTANT: VintageNet has rules about renaming interfaces to prevent confusing errors. Below is a list of reasons it will not rename an interface

• hw_path matches /devices/virtual (such as lo0, ppp0 etc.)
• A second interface's hw_path matches an interface that has already been renamed. This should never happen.

Internet connectivity checks

VintageNet can check whether a network interface can reach the Internet. This has a few uses:

1. Selecting which network interface is used when a device has more than one. A common example is a device with a backup cellular connection.
2. Automatically recovering a network interface that has lost connectivity. Some times bouncing the network interface actually works, so doing this automatically can sometimes revive a remote device.
3. Letting the application know the status of the network connection to provide more helpful information about what's happening.

The logic for declaring that the Internet is available is:

1. Is there a TCP socket in use on the network interface that has sent and received data from a host that's not on the same subnet? If yes, then the device is Internet-connected.
2. Get the list of Internet servers to check. See below for the list.
3. Resolve any domain names in the list. If DNS isn't working, remove them from the list.
4. Pick a random IP address from the remaining list and "ping" it. Technically, VintageNet tries to connect over TCP to a specified port, and if it either connects successfully or gets a port closed response, then the device is Internet-connected.
5. Wait a bit and then go back to step 1.

The list of Internet servers to check is critically important. VintageNet uses the :internet_host_list key in the application environment for this. The default setting has many popular name servers in it. The idea being that if you can't reach a name server, the Internet probably isn't going to work well.

If you are deploying to locations with locked down networks, you'll find that the default setting to test name servers won't work. It is not uncommon to find a network that blocks popular name servers like 8.8.8.8.

The recommendation is to set the :internet_host_list to include your backend server. If VintageNet can reach it, then presumably your application works and having VintageNet declare the internet reachable via that network interface is correct.

For example,

config :vintage_net,
  internet_host_list: [{"abcdefghijk-ats.iot.us-east-1.amazonaws.com", 443}]

The use of the connectivity checker is specified by the technology. Both the VintageNetEthernet and VintageNetWiFi use the internet connectivity checker. This is selected by adding the VintageNet.Connectivity.InternetChecker GenServer to the :child_specs configuration returned by the technology. E.g., child_specs: [{VintageNet.Connectivity.InternetChecker, "eth0"}]. Most users do not need to be concerned about this.

Power Management

Some devices require additional work to be done for them to become available. Examples of this are:

1. Setting a GPIO to enable power to the module
2. Loading a Linux kernel module that is not automatically loaded via the default mechanisms
3. Running usb_modeswitch to change the USB interface to the appropriate state
4. Performing an initialization step such as loading firmware

Similarly, when the network interface is no longer being used, it can be nice to undo any steps above.

This process is referred to as power management in VintageNet even though the implementation may not actually affect power use. To use it, implement the VintageNet.PowerManager behaviour and register the implementation in your config.exs.

Additionally, VintageNet runs a watchdog-like service for network devices that supply VintageNet.PowerManager implementations. If the watchdog is not pet within the timeout period (user-specified and defaults to 60 seconds), VintageNet powers the device off and and on. The VintageNet power management code supports mandatory minimum on and off times to prevent damage to hardware and also minimize pointless power cycling of hardware.

While many network devices are fairly reliable and powering off and on seems unnecessary, it can save a trip to the field or a full device reboot.

VintageNet.info/1 shows the power management state for network interfaces that are using this feature.

Petting the power manager watchdog

If using VintageNet.PowerManager, you'll need to make sure that VintageNet.PowerManager.PMControl.pet_watchdog/1 is regularly called. There are a few ways:

1. Use VintageNet.Connectivity.InternetChecker to monitor the network interface's status. This almost is the default since it's included automatically when using most IPv4 configurations. Static IP with no gateway is the exception.
2. Create your own GenServer that regularly polls the network interface and calls VintageNet.PowerManager.PMControl.pet_watchdog/1 if successful.
3. Do both. The InternetChecker only pets the watchdog when the network interface is either on the LAN or connected to the Internet. You may want to pet the watchdog when the network interface is disconnected too rather than let it power cycle when it's working.

The VintageNet.Connectivity.InternetChecker pets the watchdog roughly every 30 seconds when the network interface is obviously working (not disconnected). When setting a watchdog period, set it to 60 seconds or longer to be safe. A watchdog timeout between 30 minutes to 1 hour is recommended unless you have a particularly flaky network interface or need a fast response.

Migration

VintageNet is a more maintainable and full-featured replacement for the previous Nerves networking tools. You can read more about how it works above. If you need to migrate from an older Nerves networking setup, this is the section for you.

First, if you're modifying an existing project, you will need to remove nerves_network and nerves_init_gadget. vintage_net doesn't work with either of them. You'll get an error if any project references those packages.

There are two routes to integrating vintage_net:

1. Use nerves_pack. nerves_pack is like nerves_init_gadget, but for vintage_net.
2. Copy and paste from the Nerves hello WiFi example

The next step is to make sure that your Nerves system is compatible. The official Nerves systems released after 12/11/2019 work without modification. If rolling your own Nerves port, you will need the following Linux kernel options enabled:

• CONFIG_IP_ADVANCED_ROUTER=y
• CONFIG_IP_MULTIPLE_TABLES=y

Then make sure that you have the following Busybox options enabled:

• CONFIG_IFCONFIG=y - ifconfig ifconfig
• CONFIG_UDHCPC=y - udhcpc DHCP Client
• CONFIG_UDHCPD=y - udhcpd DHCP Server (optional)

Finally, you'll need to choose what network connection technologies that you want available in your firmware. If using nerves_pack, you'll get support for wired Ethernet, WiFi, and USB gadget networking automatically. Otherwise, add one or more of the following to your dependency list:

• vintage_net_ethernet - Standard wired Ethernet
• vintage_net_wifi - Client configurations for 802.11 WiFi
• vintage_net_direct - Direct connections like those used for USB gadget
• vintage_net_qmi - Support USB-connected cellular modems
• vintage_net_mobile - Support UART-connected cellular modems