Update scipy to 1.8.0

[pyup-bot]

This PR updates scipy from 1.6.2 to 1.8.0.

Changelog

1.8.0

many new features, numerous bug-fixes, improved test coverage and better
documentation. There have been a number of deprecations and API changes
in this release, which are documented below. All users are encouraged to
upgrade to this release, as there are a large number of bug-fixes and
optimizations. Before upgrading, we recommend that users check that
their own code does not use deprecated SciPy functionality (to do so,
run your code with ``python -Wd`` and check for ``DeprecationWarning`` s).
Our development attention will now shift to bug-fix releases on the
1.8.x branch, and on adding new features on the master branch.

This release requires Python `3.8`+ and NumPy `1.17.3` or greater.

For running on PyPy, PyPy3 `6.0`+ is required.


Highlights of this release
-------------------------

-  A sparse array API has been added for early testing and feedback; this
work is ongoing, and users should expect minor API refinements over
the next few releases.
- The sparse SVD library PROPACK is now vendored with SciPy, and an interface
is exposed via `scipy.sparse.svds` with ``solver='PROPACK'``.
- A new `scipy.stats.sampling` submodule that leverages the ``UNU.RAN`` C
library to sample from arbitrary univariate non-uniform continuous and
discrete distributions
- All namespaces that were private but happened to miss underscores in
their names have been deprecated.

New features
-------------

`scipy.fft` improvements
========================

Added an ``orthogonalize=None`` parameter to the real transforms in `scipy.fft`
which controls whether the modified definition of DCT/DST is used without
changing the overall scaling.

`scipy.fft` backend registration is now smoother, operating with a single
registration call and no longer requiring a context manager.

`scipy.integrate` improvements
==============================

`scipy.integrate.quad_vec` introduces a new optional keyword-only argument,
``args``. ``args`` takes in a tuple of extra arguments if any (default is
``args=()``), which is then internally used to pass into the callable function
(needing these extra arguments) which we wish to integrate.

`scipy.interpolate` improvements
================================

`scipy.interpolate.BSpline` has a new method, ``design_matrix``, which
constructs a design matrix of b-splines in the sparse CSR format.

A new method ``from_cubic`` in ``BSpline`` class allows to convert a
``CubicSpline`` object to ``BSpline`` object.

`scipy.linalg` improvements
===========================

`scipy.linalg` gained three new public array structure investigation functions.
`scipy.linalg.bandwidth` returns information about the bandedness of an array
and can be used to test for triangular structure discovery, while
`scipy.linalg.issymmetric` and `scipy.linalg.ishermitian` test the array for
exact and approximate symmetric/Hermitian structure.

`scipy.optimize` improvements
=============================

`scipy.optimize.check_grad` introduces two new optional keyword only arguments,
``direction`` and ``seed``. ``direction`` can take values, ``'all'`` (default),
in which case all the one hot direction vectors will be used for verifying
the input analytical gradient function and ``'random'``, in which case a
random direction vector will be used for the same purpose. ``seed``
(default is ``None``) can be used for reproducing the return value of
``check_grad`` function. It will be used only when ``direction='random'``.

The `scipy.optimize.minimize` ``TNC`` method has been rewritten to use Cython
bindings. This also fixes an issue with the callback altering the state of the
optimization.

Added optional parameters ``target_accept_rate`` and ``stepwise_factor`` for
adapative step size adjustment in ``basinhopping``.

The ``epsilon`` argument to ``approx_fprime`` is now optional so that it may
have a default value consistent with most other functions in `scipy.optimize`.

`scipy.signal` improvements
===========================

Add ``analog`` argument, default ``False``, to ``zpk2sos``, and add new pairing
option ``'minimal'`` to construct analog and minimal discrete SOS arrays.
``tf2sos`` uses zpk2sos; add ``analog`` argument here as well, and pass it on
to ``zpk2sos``.

``savgol_coeffs`` and ``savgol_filter`` now work for even window lengths.

Added the Chirp Z-transform and Zoom FFT available as `scipy.signal.CZT` and
`scipy.signal.ZoomFFT`.

`scipy.sparse` improvements
===========================

An array API has been added for early testing and feedback; this
work is ongoing, and users should expect minor API refinements over
the next few releases. Please refer to the `scipy.sparse`
docstring for more information.

``maximum_flow`` introduces optional keyword only argument, ``method``
which accepts either, ``'edmonds-karp'`` (Edmonds Karp algorithm) or
``'dinic'`` (Dinic's algorithm). Moreover, ``'dinic'`` is used as default
value for ``method`` which means that Dinic's algorithm is used for computing
maximum flow unless specified. See, the comparison between the supported
algorithms in
`this comment <https://github.com/scipy/scipy/pull/14358#issue-684212523>`_.

Parameters ``atol``, ``btol`` now default to 1e-6 in
`scipy.sparse.linalg.lsmr` to match with default values in
`scipy.sparse.linalg.lsqr`.

Add the Transpose-Free Quasi-Minimal Residual algorithm (TFQMR) for general
nonsingular non-Hermitian linear systems in `scipy.sparse.linalg.tfqmr`.

The sparse SVD library PROPACK is now vendored with SciPy, and an interface is
exposed via `scipy.sparse.svds` with ``solver='PROPACK'``. For some problems,
this may be faster and/or more accurate than the default, ARPACK.

``sparse.linalg`` iterative solvers now have a nonzero initial guess option,
which may be specified as ``x0 = 'Mb'``.

The ``trace`` method has been added for sparse matrices.

`scipy.spatial` improvements
============================

`scipy.spatial.transform.Rotation` now supports item assignment and has a new
``concatenate`` method.

Add `scipy.spatial.distance.kulczynski1` in favour of
`scipy.spatial.distance.kulsinski` which will be deprecated in the next
release.

`scipy.spatial.distance.minkowski` now also supports ``0<p<1``.

`scipy.special` improvements
============================

The new function `scipy.special.log_expit` computes the logarithm of the
logistic sigmoid function. The function is formulated to provide accurate
results for large positive and negative inputs, so it avoids the problems
that would occur in the naive implementation ``log(expit(x))``.

A suite of five new functions for elliptic integrals:
``scipy.special.ellipr{c,d,f,g,j}``. These are the
`Carlson symmetric elliptic integrals <https://dlmf.nist.gov/19.16>`_, which
have computational advantages over the classical Legendre integrals. Previous
versions included some elliptic integrals from the Cephes library
(``scipy.special.ellip{k,km1,kinc,e,einc}``) but was missing the integral of
third kind (Legendre's Pi), which can be evaluated using the new Carlson
functions. The new Carlson elliptic integral functions can be evaluated in the
complex plane, whereas the Cephes library's functions are only defined for
real inputs.

Several defects in `scipy.special.hyp2f1` have been corrected. Approximately
correct values are now returned for ``z`` near ``exp(+-i*pi/3)``, fixing
`8054 <https://github.com/scipy/scipy/issues/8054>`_. Evaluation for such ``z``
is now calculated through a series derived by
`López and Temme (2013) <https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.2046>`_ that converges in
these regions. In addition, degenerate cases with one or more of ``a``, ``b``,
and/or ``c`` a non-positive integer are now handled in a manner consistent with
`mpmath's hyp2f1 implementation <https://mpmath.org/doc/current/functions/hypergeometric.html>`_,
which fixes `7340 <https://github.com/scipy/scipy/issues/7340>`_. These fixes
were made as part of an effort to rewrite the Fortran 77 implementation of
hyp2f1 in Cython piece by piece. This rewriting is now roughly 50% complete.

`scipy.stats` improvements
==========================

`scipy.stats.qmc.LatinHypercube` introduces two new optional keyword-only
arguments, ``optimization`` and ``strength``. ``optimization`` is either
``None`` or ``random-cd``. In the latter, random permutations are performed to
improve the centered discrepancy. ``strength`` is either 1 or 2. 1 corresponds
to the classical LHS while 2 has better sub-projection properties. This
construction is referred to as an orthogonal array based LHS of strength 2.
In both cases, the output is still a LHS.

`scipy.stats.qmc.Halton` is faster as the underlying Van der Corput sequence
was ported to Cython.

The ``alternative`` parameter was added to the ``kendalltau`` and ``somersd``
functions to allow one-sided hypothesis testing. Similarly, the masked
versions of ``skewtest``, ``kurtosistest``, ``ttest_1samp``, ``ttest_ind``,
and ``ttest_rel`` now also have an ``alternative`` parameter.

Add `scipy.stats.gzscore` to calculate the geometrical z score.

Random variate generators to sample from arbitrary univariate non-uniform
continuous and discrete distributions have been added to the new
`scipy.stats.sampling` submodule. Implementations of a C library
`UNU.RAN <http://statmath.wu.ac.at/software/unuran/>`_ are used for
performance. The generators added are:

- TransformedDensityRejection
- DiscreteAliasUrn
- NumericalInversePolynomial
- DiscreteGuideTable
- SimpleRatioUniforms

The ``binned_statistic`` set of functions now have improved performance for
the ``std``, ``min``, ``max``, and ``median`` statistic calculations.

``somersd`` and ``_tau_b`` now have faster Pythran-based implementations.

Some general efficiency improvements to handling of ``nan`` values in
several ``stats`` functions.

Added the Tukey-Kramer test as `scipy.stats.tukey_hsd`.

Improved performance of `scipy.stats.argus` ``rvs`` method.

Added the parameter ``keepdims`` to `scipy.stats.variation` and prevent the
undesirable return of a masked array from the function in some cases.

``permutation_test`` performs an exact or randomized permutation test of a
given statistic on provided data.


Deprecated features
---------------------

Clear split between public and private API
==========================================

SciPy has always documented what its public API consisted of in
:ref:`its API reference docs <scipy-api>`,
however there never was a clear split between public and
private namespaces in the code base. In this release, all namespaces that were
private but happened to miss underscores in their names have been deprecated.
These include (as examples, there are many more):

- ``scipy.signal.spline``
- ``scipy.ndimage.filters``
- ``scipy.ndimage.fourier``
- ``scipy.ndimage.measurements``
- ``scipy.ndimage.morphology``
- ``scipy.ndimage.interpolation``
- ``scipy.sparse.linalg.solve``
- ``scipy.sparse.linalg.eigen``
- ``scipy.sparse.linalg.isolve``

All functions and other objects in these namespaces that were meant to be
public are accessible from their respective public namespace (e.g.
`scipy.signal`). The design principle is that any public object must be
accessible from a single namespace only; there are a few exceptions, mostly for
historical reasons (e.g., ``stats`` and ``stats.distributions`` overlap).
For other libraries aiming to provide a SciPy-compatible API, it is now
unambiguous what namespace structure to follow.  See
`gh-14360 <https://github.com/scipy/scipy/issues/14360>`_ for more details.

Other deprecations
--------------------

``NumericalInverseHermite`` has been deprecated from `scipy.stats` and moved
to the `scipy.stats.sampling` submodule. It now uses the C implementation of
the UNU.RAN library so the result of methods like ``ppf`` may vary slightly.
Parameter ``tol`` has been deprecated and renamed to ``u_resolution``. The
parameter ``max_intervals`` has also been deprecated and will be removed in a
future release of SciPy.


Backwards incompatible changes
----------------------------------

- SciPy has raised the minimum compiler versions to GCC 6.3 on linux and
VS2019 on windows. In particular, this means that SciPy may now use C99 and
C++14 features. For more details see
`here <https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/dev/toolchain.html>`_.
- The result for empty bins for `scipy.stats.binned_statistic` with the builtin
``'std'`` metric is now ``nan``, for consistency with ``np.std``.
- The function `scipy.spatial.distance.wminkowski` has been removed. To achieve
the same results as before, please use the ``minkowski`` distance function
with the (optional) ``w=`` keyword-argument for the given weight.

Other changes
---------------

Some Fortran 77 code was modernized to be compatible with NAG's nagfor Fortran
compiler (see, e.g., `PR 13229 <https://github.com/scipy/scipy/pull/13229>`_).

``threadpoolctl`` may now be used by our test suite to substantially improve
the efficiency of parallel test suite runs.

Authors
---------

* endolith
* adamadanandy +
* akeemlh +
* Anton Akhmerov
* Marvin Albert +
* alegresor +
* Andrew Annex +
* Pantelis Antonoudiou +
* Ross Barnowski +
* Christoph Baumgarten
* Stephen Becker +
* Nickolai Belakovski
* Peter Bell
* berberto +
* Georgii Bocharov +
* Evgeni Burovski
* Matthias Bussonnier
* CJ Carey
* Justin Charlong +
* Dennis Collaris +
* David Cottrell +
* cruyffturn +
* da-woods +
* Anirudh Dagar
* Tiger Du +
* Thomas Duvernay
* Dani El-Ayyass +
* Castedo Ellerman +
* Donnie Erb +
* Andreas Esders-Kopecky +
* Livio F +
* Isuru Fernando
* Evelyn Fitzgerald +
* Sara Fridovich-Keil +
* Mark E Fuller +
* Ralf Gommers
* Kevin Richard Green +
* guiweber +
* Nitish Gupta +
* h-vetinari
* Matt Haberland
* J. Hariharan +
* Charles Harris
* Trever Hines
* Ian Hunt-Isaak +
* ich +
* Itrimel +
* Jan-Hendrik Müller +
* Jebby993 +
* Evan W Jones +
* Nathaniel Jones +
* Jeffrey Kelling +
* Malik Idrees Hasan Khan +
* Sergey B Kirpichev
* Kadatatlu Kishore +
* Andrew Knyazev
* Ravin Kumar +
* Peter Mahler Larsen
* Eric Larson
* Antony Lee
* Gregory R. Lee
* Tim Leslie
* lezcano +
* Xingyu Liu
* Christian Lorentzen
* Lorenzo +
* Smit Lunagariya +
* Lv101Magikarp +
* Yair M +
* Cong Ma
* Lorenzo Maffioli +
* majiang +
* Brian McFee +
* Nicholas McKibben
* John Speed Meyers +
* millivolt9 +
* Jarrod Millman
* Harsh Mishra +
* Boaz Mohar +
* naelsondouglas +
* Andrew Nelson
* Nico Schlömer
* Thomas Nowotny +
* nullptr +
* Teddy Ort +
* Nick Papior
* ParticularMiner +
* Dima Pasechnik
* Tirth Patel
* Matti Picus
* Ilhan Polat
* Adrian Price-Whelan +
* Quentin Barthélemy +
* Sundar R +
* Judah Rand +
* Tyler Reddy
* Renal-Of-Loon +
* Frederic Renner +
* Pamphile Roy
* Bharath Saiguhan +
* Atsushi Sakai
* Eric Schanet +
* Sebastian Wallkötter
* serge-sans-paille
* Reshama Shaikh +
* Namami Shanker
* Walter Simson +
* Gagandeep Singh +
* Leo C. Stein +
* Albert Steppi
* Kai Striega
* Diana Sukhoverkhova
* Søren Fuglede Jørgensen
* Mike Taves
* Ben Thompson +
* Bas van Beek
* Jacob Vanderplas
* Dhruv Vats +
* H. Vetinari +
* Thomas Viehmann +
* Pauli Virtanen
* Vlad +
* Arthur Volant
* Samuel Wallan
* Stefan van der Walt
* Warren Weckesser
* Josh Wilson
* Haoyin Xu +
* Rory Yorke
* Egor Zemlyanoy
* Gang Zhao +
* 赵丰 (Zhao Feng) +

A total of 132 people contributed to this release.
People with a "+" by their names contributed a patch for the first time.
This list of names is automatically generated, and may not be fully complete.

1.7.3

for MacOS arm64 with Python `3.8`, `3.9`, and `3.10`. The MacOS arm64 wheels
are only available for MacOS version `12.0` and greater, as explained
in [Issue 14688](https://github.com/scipy/scipy/issues/14688).

Authors
=======

* Anirudh Dagar
* Ralf Gommers
* Tyler Reddy
* Pamphile Roy
* Olivier Grisel
* Isuru Fernando

A total of 6 people contributed to this release.
People with a "+" by their names contributed a patch for the first time.
This list of names is automatically generated, and may not be fully complete.

1.7.2

compared to `1.7.1`. Notably, the release includes wheels
for Python `3.10`, and wheels are now built with a newer
version of OpenBLAS, `0.3.17`. Python `3.10` wheels are provided
for MacOS x86_64 (thin, not universal2 or arm64 at this time),
and Windows/Linux 64-bit. Many wheels are now built with newer
versions of manylinux, which may require newer versions of pip.

Authors
=======

* Peter Bell
* da-woods +
* Isuru Fernando
* Ralf Gommers
* Matt Haberland
* Nicholas McKibben
* Ilhan Polat
* Judah Rand +
* Tyler Reddy
* Pamphile Roy
* Charles Harris
* Matti Picus
* Hugo van Kemenade
* Jacob Vanderplas

A total of 14 people contributed to this release.
People with a "+" by their names contributed a patch for the first time.
This list of names is automatically generated, and may not be fully complete.

1.7.1

compared to `1.7.0`.

Authors
=======

* Peter Bell
* Evgeni Burovski
* Justin Charlong +
* Ralf Gommers
* Matti Picus
* Tyler Reddy
* Pamphile Roy
* Sebastian Wallkötter
* Arthur Volant

A total of 9 people contributed to this release.
People with a "+" by their names contributed a patch for the first time.
This list of names is automatically generated, and may not be fully complete.

1.7.0

many new features, numerous bug-fixes, improved test coverage and better
documentation. There have been a number of deprecations and API changes
in this release, which are documented below. All users are encouraged to
upgrade to this release, as there are a large number of bug-fixes and
optimizations. Before upgrading, we recommend that users check that
their own code does not use deprecated SciPy functionality (to do so,
run your code with ``python -Wd`` and check for ``DeprecationWarning`` s).
Our development attention will now shift to bug-fix releases on the
1.7.x branch, and on adding new features on the master branch.

This release requires Python `3.7+` and NumPy `1.16.5` or greater.

For running on PyPy, PyPy3 `6.0+` is required.


Highlights of this release


-  A new submodule for quasi-Monte Carlo, `scipy.stats.qmc`, was added
-  The documentation design was updated to use the same PyData-Sphinx theme as
other NumFOCUS packages like NumPy.
-  We now vendor and leverage the Boost C++ library to enable numerous
improvements for long-standing weaknesses in `scipy.stats`
-  `scipy.stats` has six new distributions, eight new (or overhauled)
hypothesis tests, a new function for bootstrapping, a class that enables
fast random variate sampling and percentile point function evaluation, 
and many other enhancements.
-  ``cdist`` and ``pdist`` distance calculations are faster for several metrics,
especially weighted cases, thanks to a rewrite to a new C++ backend framework
-  A new class for radial basis function interpolation, `RBFInterpolator`, was
added to address issues with the `Rbf` class.

*We gratefully acknowledge the Chan-Zuckerberg Initiative Essential Open Source
Software for Science program for supporting many of the improvements to*
`scipy.stats`.


New features


`scipy.cluster` improvements

An optional argument, ``seed``, has been added to ``kmeans`` and ``kmeans2`` to
set the random generator and random state.

`scipy.interpolate` improvements

Improved input validation and error messages for ``fitpack.bispev`` and
``fitpack.parder`` for scenarios that previously caused substantial confusion
for users.

The class `RBFInterpolator` was added to supersede the `Rbf` class. The new
class has usage that more closely follows other interpolator classes, corrects
sign errors that caused unexpected smoothing behavior, includes polynomial
terms in the interpolant (which are necessary for some RBF choices), and
supports interpolation using only the k-nearest neighbors for memory
efficiency.

`scipy.linalg` improvements

An LAPACK wrapper was added for access to the ``tgexc`` subroutine.

`scipy.ndimage` improvements

`scipy.ndimage.affine_transform` is now able to infer the ``output_shape`` from
the ``out`` array.

`scipy.optimize` improvements

The optional parameter ``bounds`` was added to
``_minimize_neldermead`` to support bounds constraints
for the Nelder-Mead solver.

``trustregion`` methods ``trust-krylov``, ``dogleg`` and ``trust-ncg`` can now
estimate ``hess`` by finite difference using one of
``["2-point", "3-point", "cs"]``.

``halton`` was added as a ``sampling_method`` in `scipy.optimize.shgo`.
``sobol`` was fixed and is now using `scipy.stats.qmc.Sobol`.

``halton`` and ``sobol`` were added as ``init`` methods in
`scipy.optimize.differential_evolution.`

``differential_evolution`` now accepts an ``x0`` parameter to provide an
initial guess for the minimization.

``least_squares`` has a modest performance improvement when SciPy is built
with Pythran transpiler enabled.

When ``linprog`` is used with ``method`` ``'highs'``, ``'highs-ipm'``, or
``'highs-ds'``, the result object now reports the marginals (AKA shadow
prices, dual values) and residuals associated with each constraint.

`scipy.signal` improvements

``get_window`` supports ``general_cosine`` and ``general_hamming`` window
functions.

`scipy.signal.medfilt2d` now releases the GIL where appropriate to enable
performance gains via multithreaded calculations.

`scipy.sparse` improvements

Addition of ``dia_matrix`` sparse matrices is now faster.


`scipy.spatial` improvements

``distance.cdist`` and ``distance.pdist`` performance has greatly improved for
certain weighted metrics. Namely: ``minkowski``, ``euclidean``, ``chebyshev``,
``canberra``, and ``cityblock``.

Modest performance improvements for many of the unweighted ``cdist`` and
``pdist`` metrics noted above.

The parameter ``seed`` was added to `scipy.spatial.vq.kmeans` and
`scipy.spatial.vq.kmeans2`.

The parameters ``axis`` and ``keepdims`` where added to
`scipy.spatial.distance.jensenshannon`.

The ``rotation`` methods ``from_rotvec`` and ``as_rotvec`` now accept a
``degrees`` argument to specify usage of degrees instead of radians.

`scipy.special` improvements

Wright's generalized Bessel function for positive arguments was added as
`scipy.special.wright_bessel.`

An implementation of the inverse of the Log CDF of the Normal Distribution is
now available via `scipy.special.ndtri_exp`.

`scipy.stats` improvements

Hypothesis Tests

The Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test, ``mannwhitneyu``, has been rewritten. It now
supports n-dimensional input, an exact test method when there are no ties,
and improved documentation. Please see "Other changes" for adjustments to
default behavior.

The new function `scipy.stats.binomtest` replaces `scipy.stats.binom_test`. The
new function returns an object that calculates a confidence intervals of the
proportion parameter. Also, performance was improved from O(n) to O(log(n)) by
using binary search.

The two-sample version of the Cramer-von Mises test is implemented in
`scipy.stats.cramervonmises_2samp`.

The Alexander-Govern test is implemented in the new function
`scipy.stats.alexandergovern`.

The new functions `scipy.stats.barnard_exact` and  `scipy.stats. boschloo_exact`
respectively perform Barnard's exact test and Boschloo's exact test
for 2x2 contingency tables.

The new function `scipy.stats.page_trend_test` performs Page's test for ordered
alternatives.

The new function `scipy.stats.somersd` performs Somers' D test for ordinal
association between two variables.

An option, ``permutations``, has been added in `scipy.stats.ttest_ind` to
perform permutation t-tests. A ``trim`` option was also added to perform
a trimmed (Yuen's) t-test.

The ``alternative`` parameter was added to the ``skewtest``, ``kurtosistest``,
``ranksums``, ``mood``, ``ansari``, ``linregress``, and ``spearmanr`` functions
to allow one-sided hypothesis testing.

Sample statistics

The new function `scipy.stats.differential_entropy` estimates the differential
entropy of a continuous distribution from a sample.

The ``boxcox`` and ``boxcox_normmax`` now allow the user to control the
optimizer used to minimize the negative log-likelihood function.

A new function `scipy.stats.contingency.relative_risk` calculates the
relative risk, or risk ratio, of a 2x2 contingency table. The object
returned has a method to compute the confidence interval of the relative risk.

Performance improvements in the ``skew`` and ``kurtosis`` functions achieved
by removal of repeated/redundant calculations.

Substantial performance improvements in `scipy.stats.mstats.hdquantiles_sd`.

The new function `scipy.stats.contingency.association` computes several
measures of association for a contingency table: Pearsons contingency
coefficient, Cramer's V, and Tschuprow's T.

The parameter ``nan_policy`` was added to `scipy.stats.zmap` to provide options
for handling the occurrence of ``nan`` in the input data.

The parameter ``ddof`` was added to `scipy.stats.variation` and
`scipy.stats.mstats.variation`.

The parameter ``weights`` was added to `scipy.stats.gmean`.

Statistical Distributions

We now vendor and leverage the Boost C++ library to address a number of
previously reported issues in ``stats``. Notably, ``beta``, ``binom``,
``nbinom`` now have Boost backends, and it is straightforward to leverage
the backend for additional functions.

The skew Cauchy probability distribution has been implemented as
`scipy.stats.skewcauchy`.

The Zipfian probability distribution has been implemented as
`scipy.stats.zipfian`.

The new distributions ``nchypergeom_fisher`` and ``nchypergeom_wallenius``
implement the Fisher and Wallenius versions of the noncentral hypergeometric
distribution, respectively.

The generalized hyperbolic distribution was added in
`scipy.stats.genhyperbolic`.

The studentized range distribution was added in `scipy.stats.studentized_range`.

`scipy.stats.argus` now has improved handling for small parameter values.

Better argument handling/preparation has resulted in performance improvements
for many distributions.

The ``cosine`` distribution has added ufuncs for ``ppf``, ``cdf``, ``sf``, and
``isf`` methods including numerical precision improvements at the edges of the
support of the distribution.

An option to fit the distribution to data by the method of moments has been
added to the ``fit`` method of the univariate continuous distributions.

Other

`scipy.stats.bootstrap` has been added to allow estimation of the confidence
interval and standard error of a statistic.

The new function `scipy.stats.contingency.crosstab` computes a contingency
table (i.e. a table of counts of unique entries) for the given data.

`scipy.stats.NumericalInverseHermite` enables fast random variate sampling
and percentile point function evaluation of an arbitrary univariate statistical
distribution.

New `scipy.stats.qmc` module

This new module provides Quasi-Monte Carlo (QMC) generators and associated
helper functions.

It provides a generic class `scipy.stats.qmc.QMCEngine` which defines a QMC
engine/sampler. An engine is state aware: it can be continued, advanced and
reset. 3 base samplers are available:

-  `scipy.stats.qmc.Sobol` the well known Sobol low discrepancy sequence.
Several warnings have been added to guide the user into properly using this
sampler. The sequence is scrambled by default.
-  `scipy.stats.qmc.Halton`: Halton low discrepancy sequence. The sequence is
scrambled by default.
-  `scipy.stats.qmc.LatinHypercube`: plain LHS design.

And 2 special samplers are available:

-  `scipy.stats.qmc.MultinomialQMC`: sampling from a multinomial distribution
using any of the base `scipy.stats.qmc.QMCEngine`.
-  `scipy.stats.qmc.MultivariateNormalQMC`: sampling from a multivariate Normal
using any of the base `scipy.stats.qmc.QMCEngine`.

The module also provide the following helpers:

-  `scipy.stats.qmc.discrepancy`: assess the quality of a set of points in terms
of space coverage.
-  `scipy.stats.qmc.update_discrepancy`: can be used in an optimization loop to
construct a good set of points.
-  `scipy.stats.qmc.scale`: easily scale a set of points from (to) the unit
interval to (from) a given range.



Deprecated features


`scipy.linalg` deprecations

-  `scipy.linalg.pinv2` is deprecated and its functionality is completely
subsumed into `scipy.linalg.pinv`
-  Both ``rcond``, ``cond`` keywords of `scipy.linalg.pinv` and
`scipy.linalg.pinvh` were not working and now are deprecated. They are now
replaced with functioning ``atol`` and ``rtol`` keywords with clear usage.

`scipy.spatial` deprecations

-  `scipy.spatial.distance` metrics expect 1d input vectors but will call
``np.squeeze`` on their inputs to accept any extra length-1 dimensions. That
behaviour is now deprecated.


Backwards incompatible changes

Other changes

We now accept and leverage performance improvements from the ahead-of-time
Python-to-C++ transpiler, Pythran, which can be optionally disabled (via
``export SCIPY_USE_PYTHRAN=0``) but is enabled by default at build time.

There are two changes to the default behavior of `scipy.stats.mannwhitenyu`:

-  For years, use of the default ``alternative=None`` was deprecated; explicit
``alternative`` specification was required. Use of the new default value of
``alternative``, "two-sided", is now permitted.
-  Previously, all p-values were based on an asymptotic approximation. Now, for
small samples without ties, the p-values returned are exact by default.

Support has been added for PEP 621 (project metadata in ``pyproject.toml``)

We now support a Gitpod environment to reduce the barrier to entry for SciPy
development; for more details see `quickstart-gitpod`.



Authors

* endolith
* Jelle Aalbers +
* Adam +
* Tania Allard +
* Sven Baars +
* Max Balandat +
* baumgarc +
* Christoph Baumgarten
* Peter Bell
* Lilian Besson
* Robinson Besson +
* Max Bolingbroke
* Blair Bonnett +
* Jordão Bragantini
* Harm Buisman +
* Evgeni Burovski
* Matthias Bussonnier
* Dominic C
* CJ Carey
* Ramón Casero +
* Chachay +
* charlotte12l +
* Benjamin Curtice Corbett +
* Falcon Dai +
* Ian Dall +
* Terry Davis
* droussea2001 +
* DWesl +
* dwight200 +
* Thomas J. Fan +
* Joseph Fox-Rabinovitz
* Max Frei +
* Laura Gutierrez Funderburk +
* gbonomib +
* Matthias Geier +
* Pradipta Ghosh +
* Ralf Gommers
* Evan H +
* h-vetinari
* Matt Haberland
* Anselm Hahn +
* Alex Henrie
* Piet Hessenius +
* Trever Hines +
* Elisha Hollander +
* Stephan Hoyer
* Tom Hu +
* Kei Ishikawa +
* Julien Jerphanion
* Robert Kern
* Shashank KS +
* Peter Mahler Larsen
* Eric Larson
* Cheng H. Lee +
* Gregory R. Lee
* Jean-Benoist Leger +
* lgfunderburk +
* liam-o-marsh +
* Xingyu Liu +
* Alex Loftus +
* Christian Lorentzen +
* Cong Ma
* Marc +
* MarkPundurs +
* Markus Löning +
* Liam Marsh +
* Nicholas McKibben
* melissawm +
* Jamie Morton
* Andrew Nelson
* Nikola Forró
* Tor Nordam +
* Olivier Gauthé +
* Rohit Pandey +
* Avanindra Kumar Pandeya +
* Tirth Patel
* paugier +
* Alex H. Wagner, PhD +
* Jeff Plourde +
* Ilhan Polat
* pranavrajpal +
* Vladyslav Rachek
* Bharat Raghunathan
* Recursing +
* Tyler Reddy
* Lucas Roberts
* Gregor Robinson +
* Pamphile Roy +
* Atsushi Sakai
* Benjamin Santos
* Martin K. Scherer +
* Thomas Schmelzer +
* Daniel Scott +
* Sebastian Wallkötter +
* serge-sans-paille +
* Namami Shanker +
* Masashi Shibata +
* Alexandre de Siqueira +
* Albert Steppi +
* Adam J. Stewart +
* Kai Striega
* Diana Sukhoverkhova
* Søren Fuglede Jørgensen
* Mike Taves
* Dan Temkin +
* Nicolas Tessore +
* tsubota20 +
* Robert Uhl
* christos val +
* Bas van Beek +
* Ashutosh Varma +
* Jose Vazquez +
* Sebastiano Vigna
* Aditya Vijaykumar
* VNMabus
* Arthur Volant +
* Samuel Wallan
* Stefan van der Walt
* Warren Weckesser
* Anreas Weh
* Josh Wilson
* Rory Yorke
* Egor Zemlyanoy
* Marc Zoeller +
* zoj613 +
* 秋纫 +

A total of 126 people contributed to this release.
People with a "+" by their names contributed a patch for the first time.
This list of names is automatically generated, and may not be fully complete.

1.6.3

compared to `1.6.2`.

Authors
======

* Peter Bell
* Ralf Gommers
* Matt Haberland
* Peter Mahler Larsen
* Tirth Patel
* Tyler Reddy
* Pamphile ROY +
* Xingyu Liu +

A total of 8 people contributed to this release.
People with a "+" by their names contributed a patch for the first time.
This list of names is automatically generated, and may not be fully complete.

Links

• PyPI: https://pypi.org/project/scipy
• Changelog: https://pyup.io/changelogs/scipy/
• Repo: https://github.com/scipy/scipy/releases
• Homepage: https://www.scipy.org