Implementation Experience of the California COVID-19 Case Control Study

Paper: Mixed methods approach to examining the implementation experience of a phone-based survey for a SARS-CoV-2 test-negative case-control study in California
DOI: pending
Context: Analysis and manuscript preparation took place in 2022 - 2023

Authors: Nozomi Fukui, MPH ^{1,2,¶,^}, Sophia S. Li, BS^{1,3,¶,^}, Jennifer DeGuzman, MPH^{1,^}, Jennifer F. Myers, MPH¹, John Openshaw, MD¹, Anjali Sharma, ScD^4,5, James Watt, MD, MPH¹, Joseph A. Lewnard, PhD^2,6,7, Seema Jain, MD¹, Kristin L. Andrejko, PhD^1,3,&, Jake M. Pry, PhD, MPH,^1,8,&, on behalf of the California COVID-19 Case-Control Study Team,^{1^}

¹ California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA
² Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
³ College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
⁴ University of Washington, Hans Rosling Center, Global Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
⁵ The Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Lusaka, Zambia
⁶ Division of Infectious Diseases & Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
⁷ Center for Computational Biology, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
⁸ Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA

^¶ These authors contributed equally to the study's work.
^& J.M.P and K.L.A are joint senior authors and contributed equally to this work.

^{^}Membership of the California COVID-19 Case-Control Study Interviewer Team includes:
Adrian Cornejo, Amanda Lam, Amanda Moe, Amandeep Kaur, Anna Fang, Ashly Dyke, Camilla Barbaduomo, Christine Wan, Diana Nicole Morales Felipe, Diana Poindexter, Erin Xavier, Hyemin Park, Helia Samani, Jennifer DeGuzman, Jessica Ni, Julia Cheunkarndee, Mahsa Javadi, Maya Spencer, Michelle Spinosa, Miriam Bermejo, Monique Miller, Najla Dabbagh, Natalie Dassian, Nikolina Walas, Nozomi Fukui, Paulina Frost, Savannah Corredor, Shrey Saretha, Sophia S. Li, Timothy Ho, Vivian Tran, Yang Zhou, Yasmine Abdulrahim, Zheng Dong.

Table of contents

Folder File	Description	Output
💾 data C4study_survey.csv codebook.xlsx CAOpenData_covid19cases.csv USCB_2020ACS5_DP05race.csv USCB_2020ACS5_DP03income.csv	Deidentified data used in the analysis and visualization of this paper, as well as accompanying codebook. Public California datasets used are listed below. California Department of Public Health. (2020-2022). COVID-19 Time-Series Metrics by County and State. California Open Data Portal. U.S. Census Bureau. (2020). American Community Survey 5-year Demographic and Housing Estimates: DP05. U.S. Census Bureau. (2020). American Community Survey 5-year Selected Economic Characteristics: DP02.	-
📊tables-figs Table1.xlsx Table2.xlsx Fig1.pdf Fig2.pdf Fig3.pdf	Main tables and figures in the paper.	Table 1. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 test-seekers in California who were called, answered the phone, consented to participate, and completed the telephone survey. Table 2. Interviewer experience survey quotes. Fig 1. Process diagram for recruitment, onboarding, and training interviewers. Fig 2. Study timeline mapped against weekly enrollment trends by case-control status. Fig 3. Predictors of participants answering the telephone and consenting to participate in the California COVID-19 Case Control study.
🗃️supplement S01-Table.xlsx S02-Table.xlsx S03-Table.xlsx S04-Table.xlsx S05-Table.xlsx S06-Table.xlsx S07-Table.xlsx S08-Table.xlsx S01-Fig.pdf S02-Fig.pdf S03-Fig.pdf S04-Fig.pdf S05-Fig.pdf S06-Fig.pdf S07-Fig.pdf S08-Fig.pdf S09-Fig.pdf S10-Fig.pdf S11-Fig.pdf S01-Item.docx S02-Item.docx	Tables, figures, and items that provide supporting information to the paper. For S1 Fig, 2020-21 US Census Bureau TIGER/Line Shapefiles were used to produce the map. For S5 Fig, COVID-19 Probable Cases data was obtained from the CAOpenData file included in the data folder. For S7 Fig and S8 Table, the USCB DP03income and DP05race files in the data folder were used.	S1 Table. Characteristics of interviewers. S2 Table. Model comparison using Bayesian Information Criterion. S3 Table. Predictors of answering the telephone and consenting to participate in a case-control study using mixed effects logistic regression. S4 Table. Predictors of answering the telephone, consenting to participate in a case-control study, and ultimately enrolling in the study, interacted with SARS-CoV-2 test result, using mixed effects logistic regression. S5 Table. Reasons for refusal to participate in the case-control study. S6 Table. Predictors of citing time as a reason for refusing participation using mixed effects logistic regression. S7 Table. Characteristics of California population and composition of SARS-CoV-2 test seekers in California throughout the study period. S8 Table. 2020 U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey Demographics of the State of California. S1 Fig. Study regions. S2 Fig. Sampling process. S3 Fig. Enrollment of participants in the California COVID-19 Case-Control Study. S4 Fig. Calls to successfully enroll a case (SARS-CoV-2 positive) or control (SARS-CoV-2 negative). S5 Fig. Calls to enroll one case or control over the study period, overlayed with total cases reported across California each week. S6 Fig. Predominant reasons cited for not consenting to participate in the study, over the course of the study. S7 Fig. Comparison of household income and race/ethnicity demographics between the study population and California population. S8 Fig. Agreement with social distancing, face mask use, general anxiety about COVID-19, and attendance at indoor public settings month of study among participants who completed the survey. S9 Fig. Proportion of participants reporting attendance at indoor settings over the study period. S10 Fig. Area graph of population who was excluded due to previous SARS-CoV-2 positive over time. S11 Fig. Interviewer encounters with grief, anger, and demand for social service resources. S1 Item. Survey questions and guide. S2 Item. Interviewer experience survey.

Disclaimer

The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views or opinions of the California Department of Public Health or the California Health and Human Services Agency.