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modules/m62908/index.cnxml

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 <caption>Trichomes give leaves a fuzzy appearance as in this (a) sundew (<emphasis effect="italics">Drosera</emphasis> sp.). Leaf trichomes include (b) branched trichomes on the leaf of <emphasis effect="italics">Arabidopsis lyrata</emphasis> and (c) multibranched trichomes on a mature <emphasis effect="italics">Quercus marilandica</emphasis> leaf. (credit a: John Freeland; credit b, c: modification of work by Robert R. Wise; scale-bar data from Matt Russell)</caption></figure><para id="fs-idm50785872">Below the epidermis of dicot leaves are layers of cells known as the mesophyll, or “middle leaf.” The mesophyll of most leaves typically contains two arrangements of parenchyma cells: the palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma (<link target-id="fig-ch30_04_06"/>). The palisade parenchyma (also called the palisade mesophyll) has column-shaped, tightly packed cells, and may be present in one, two, or three layers. Below the palisade parenchyma are loosely arranged cells of an irregular shape. These are the cells of the spongy parenchyma (or spongy mesophyll). The air space found between the spongy parenchyma cells allows gaseous exchange between the leaf and the outside atmosphere through the stomata. In aquatic plants, the intercellular spaces in the spongy parenchyma help the leaf float. Both layers of the mesophyll contain many chloroplasts. Guard cells are the only epidermal cells to contain chloroplasts.</para>
-<figure id="fig-ch30_04_06" class="ost-tag-lo-apbio-ch23-s04-lo02"><media id="fs-idp48514016" alt="Part A is a leaf cross section illustration. A flat layer of rectangular cells make up the upper and lower epidermis. A cuticle layer protects the outside of both epidermal layers. A stomatal pore in the lower epidermis allows carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to leave. Oval guard cells surround the pore. Sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis is the mesophyll. The upper part of the mesophyll is comprised of columnar cells called palisade parenchyma. The lower part of the mesophyll is made up of loosely packed spongy parenchyma. Part B is a scanning electron micrograph of a leaf in which all the layers described above are visible. Palisade cells are about 50 microns tall and 10 microns wide and are covered with tiny bumps, which are the chloroplasts. Spongy cells smaller and irregularly shaped. Several large bumps about 20 microns across project from the lower surface of the leaf.">
+<figure id="fig-ch30_04_06" class="ost-tag-lo-apbio-ch23-s04-lo02"><media id="fs-idp48514016" alt="Part A is a leaf cross section illustration. A flat layer of rectangular cells make up the upper and lower epidermis. A cuticle layer protects the outside of both epidermal layers. A stomatal pore in the lower epidermis allows carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to leave. Oval guard cells surround the pore. Sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis is the mesophyll. The upper part of the mesophyll is comprised of columnar cells called palisade parenchyma. The lower part of the mesophyll is made up of loosely packed spongy parenchyma. Part B is a scanning electron micrograph of a leaf in which all the layers described above are visible. Palisade cells are about 50 microns tall and 10 microns wide and are covered with tiny bumps, which are the chloroplasts. Spongy parenchyma cells are smaller and irregularly shaped. Several large bumps about 20 microns across project from the lower surface of the leaf.">
 <image mime-type="image/jpg" src="../../media/Figure_30_04_06.jpg" width="370"/>
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modules/m66599/index.cnxml

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
 <image mime-type="image/jpg" src="../../media/Figure_30_04_05.jpg" width="550"/>
 </media>
 
-<caption>Trichomes give leaves a fuzzy appearance as in this (a) sundew (<emphasis effect="italics">Drosera</emphasis> sp.). Leaf trichomes include (b) branched trichomes on the leaf of <emphasis effect="italics">Arabidopsis lyrata</emphasis> and (c) multibranched trichomes on a mature <emphasis effect="italics">Quercus marilandica</emphasis> leaf. (credit a: John Freeland; credit b, c: modification of work by Robert R. Wise; scale-bar data from Matt Russell)</caption></figure><para id="fs-idm50785872">Below the epidermis of dicot leaves are layers of cells known as the mesophyll, or “middle leaf.” The mesophyll of most leaves typically contains two arrangements of parenchyma cells: the palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma (<link target-id="fig-ch30_04_06"/>). The palisade parenchyma (also called the palisade mesophyll) has column-shaped, tightly packed cells, and may be present in one, two, or three layers. Below the palisade parenchyma are loosely arranged cells of an irregular shape. These are the cells of the spongy parenchyma (or spongy mesophyll). The air space found between the spongy parenchyma cells allows gaseous exchange between the leaf and the outside atmosphere through the stomata. In aquatic plants, the intercellular spaces in the spongy parenchyma help the leaf float. Both layers of the mesophyll contain many chloroplasts. Guard cells are the only epidermal cells to contain chloroplasts.</para><figure id="fig-ch30_04_06"><media id="fs-idp48514016" alt="Part A is a leaf cross section illustration. A flat layer of rectangular cells make up the upper and lower epidermis. A cuticle layer protects the outside of both epidermal layers. A stomatal pore in the lower epidermis allows carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to leave. Oval guard cells surround the pore. Sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis is the mesophyll. The upper part of the mesophyll is comprised of columnar cells called palisade parenchyma. The lower part of the mesophyll is made up of loosely packed spongy parenchyma. Part B is a scanning electron micrograph of a leaf in which all the layers described above are visible. Palisade cells are about 50 microns tall and 10 microns wide and are covered with tiny bumps, which are the chloroplasts. Spongy cells smaller and irregularly shaped. Several large bumps about 20 microns across project from the lower surface of the leaf.">
+<caption>Trichomes give leaves a fuzzy appearance as in this (a) sundew (<emphasis effect="italics">Drosera</emphasis> sp.). Leaf trichomes include (b) branched trichomes on the leaf of <emphasis effect="italics">Arabidopsis lyrata</emphasis> and (c) multibranched trichomes on a mature <emphasis effect="italics">Quercus marilandica</emphasis> leaf. (credit a: John Freeland; credit b, c: modification of work by Robert R. Wise; scale-bar data from Matt Russell)</caption></figure><para id="fs-idm50785872">Below the epidermis of dicot leaves are layers of cells known as the mesophyll, or “middle leaf.” The mesophyll of most leaves typically contains two arrangements of parenchyma cells: the palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma (<link target-id="fig-ch30_04_06"/>). The palisade parenchyma (also called the palisade mesophyll) has column-shaped, tightly packed cells, and may be present in one, two, or three layers. Below the palisade parenchyma are loosely arranged cells of an irregular shape. These are the cells of the spongy parenchyma (or spongy mesophyll). The air space found between the spongy parenchyma cells allows gaseous exchange between the leaf and the outside atmosphere through the stomata. In aquatic plants, the intercellular spaces in the spongy parenchyma help the leaf float. Both layers of the mesophyll contain many chloroplasts. Guard cells are the only epidermal cells to contain chloroplasts.</para><figure id="fig-ch30_04_06"><media id="fs-idp48514016" alt="Part A is a leaf cross section illustration. A flat layer of rectangular cells make up the upper and lower epidermis. A cuticle layer protects the outside of both epidermal layers. A stomatal pore in the lower epidermis allows carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to leave. Oval guard cells surround the pore. Sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis is the mesophyll. The upper part of the mesophyll is comprised of columnar cells called palisade parenchyma. The lower part of the mesophyll is made up of loosely packed spongy parenchyma. Part B is a scanning electron micrograph of a leaf in which all the layers described above are visible. Palisade cells are about 50 microns tall and 10 microns wide and are covered with tiny bumps, which are the chloroplasts. Spongy parenchyma cells are smaller and irregularly shaped. Several large bumps about 20 microns across project from the lower surface of the leaf.">
 <image mime-type="image/png" src="../../media/Figure_B30_04_03.png"/>
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 <caption>In the (a) leaf drawing, the central mesophyll is sandwiched between an upper and lower epidermis. The mesophyll has two layers: an upper palisade layer comprised of tightly packed, columnar cells, and a lower spongy layer, comprised of loosely packed, irregularly shaped cells. Stomata on the leaf underside allow gas exchange. A waxy cuticle covers all aerial surfaces of land plants to minimize water loss. These leaf layers are clearly visible in the (b) scanning electron micrograph. The numerous small bumps in the palisade parenchyma cells are chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are also present in the spongy parenchyma, but are not as obvious. The bumps protruding from the lower surface of the leave are glandular trichomes, which differ in structure from the stalked trichomes in <link target-id="fig-ch30_04_05"/>. (credit b: modification of work by Robert R. Wise)</caption></figure><para id="fs-idp185925312">Like the stem, the leaf contains vascular bundles composed of xylem and phloem (<link target-id="fig-ch30_04_07"/>). The xylem consists of tracheids and vessels, which transport water and minerals to the leaves. The phloem transports the photosynthetic products from the leaf to the other parts of the plant. A single vascular bundle, no matter how large or small, always contains both xylem and phloem tissues.</para>