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oscryan committed Jul 9, 2024
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</section>
<section id="fs-idm99940976">
<title>Diversity of Angiosperms</title>
<para id="fs-idp29665600">Angiosperms are classified in a single phylum: the <term id="term-00019">Anthophyta</term>. Modern angiosperms appear to be a monophyletic group, which as you may recall means that they originated from a single ancestor. Within the angiosperms are three major groups: basal angiosperms, monocots, and dicots. Basal angiosperms are a group of plants that are believed to have branched off before the separation of the monocots and eudicots, because they exhibit traits from both groups. They are categorized separately in most classification schemes. The basal angiosperms include <emphasis effect="italics">Amborella</emphasis>, water lilies, the Magnoliids (magnolia trees, laurels, and spice peppers), and a group called the Austrobaileyales, which includes the star anise. The monocots and dicots are differentiated on the basis of the structure of the cotyledons, pollen grains, and other structures. Monocots include grasses and lilies, and the dicots form a multi-branched group that includes (among many others) roses, cabbages, sunflowers, and mints.</para>
<para id="fs-idp29665600">Angiosperms are classified in a single phylum: the <term id="term-00019">Anthophyta</term>. Modern angiosperms appear to be a monophyletic group, which as you may recall means that they originated from a single ancestor. Within the angiosperms are three major groups: basal angiosperms, monocots, and dicots. Basal angiosperms are a group of plants that are believed to have branched off before the separation of the monocots and dicots, because they exhibit traits from both groups. They are categorized separately in most classification schemes. The basal angiosperms include <emphasis effect="italics">Amborella</emphasis>, water lilies, the Magnoliids (magnolia trees, laurels, and spice peppers), and a group called the Austrobaileyales, which includes the star anise. The monocots and dicots are differentiated on the basis of the structure of the cotyledons, pollen grains, and other structures. Monocots include grasses and lilies, and the dicots form a multi-branched group that includes (among many others) roses, cabbages, sunflowers, and mints.</para>
<section id="fs-idp45101232">
<title>Basal Angiosperms</title>
<para id="fs-idm72549648">The Magnoliidae are represented by the magnolias, laurels, and peppers. Magnolias are tall trees bearing dark, shiny leaves, and large, fragrant flowers with many parts, and are considered archaic (<link target-id="fig-ch26_03_03b"/>). In the outer whorl of the magnolia flower the sepals and petals are undifferentiated and are collectively called tepals. The reproductive parts are arranged in a spiral around a cone-shaped receptacle, with the carpels located above the stamens (<link target-id="fig-ch26_03_03b"/>). The aggregate fruit, with one seed formed from each carpel, is seen in <link target-id="fig-ch26_03_04"/>d. Laurel trees produce fragrant leaves and small, inconspicuous flowers. The <emphasis effect="italics">Laurales</emphasis> grow mostly in warmer climates and are small trees and shrubs. Familiar plants in this group include the bay laurel, cinnamon, spice bush (<link target-id="fig-ch26_03_04"/>a), and avocado tree.</para>
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