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modules/m66428/index.cnxml

@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
 <caption>Microbiologist Carl Woese constructed this phylogenetic tree using data that he obtained from sequencing ribosomal RNA genes. The tree shows the separation of living organisms into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes, single-celled organisms lacking intracellular organelles. (credit: Eric Gaba; NASA Astrobiology Institute)
 </caption></figure><note id="fs-id2581806" class="evolution"><title>Carl Woese and the Phylogenetic Tree</title>
 <para id="fs-id2024686">In the past, biologists grouped living organisms into five kingdoms: animals, plants, fungi, protists, and bacteria. They based the organizational scheme mainly on physical features, as opposed to physiology, biochemistry, or molecular biology, all of which modern systematics use. American microbiologist Carl Woese's pioneering work in the early 1970s has shown, however, that life on Earth has evolved along three lineages, now called domains—Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. The first two are prokaryotic cells with microbes that lack membrane-enclosed nuclei and organelles. The third domain contains the eukaryotes and includes unicellular microorganisms (protists), together with the three remaining kingdoms (fungi, plants, and animals). Woese defined Archaea as a new domain, and this resulted in a new taxonomic tree (<link target-id="fig-ch01_02_08"/>). Many organisms belonging to the Archaea domain live under extreme conditions and are called extremophiles. To construct his tree, Woese used genetic relationships rather than similarities based on morphology (shape).</para>
-<para id="fs-id2956594">Woese constructed his tree from universally distributed comparative gene sequencing that are present in every organism, and conserved (meaning that these genes have remained essentially unchanged throughout evolution). Woese’s approach was revolutionary because comparing physical features are insufficient to differentiate between the prokaryotes that appear fairly similar in spite of their tremendous biochemical diversity and genetic variability (<link target-id="fig-ch01_02_09"/>). Comparing rRNA sequences provided Woese with a sensitive device that revealed the extensive variability of prokaryotes, and which justified separating the prokaryotes into two domains: bacteria and archaea.</para><figure id="fig-ch01_02_09" orient="vertical"><media id="eip-idp79648976" alt="There are four photos shown.  The first photo is a micrograph, showing tubelike bacterial.  The second photo shows a steaming body of water, refered to as a hot vent.  Some of the water is a typical blue, while the outer edges are rust colored.  The third picture shows a tall sunflower, with a thick stem and bright yellow petals.  The fourth photo shows a muscular lion that has a thick mane of hair around its neck and head. ">
+<para id="fs-id2956594">Woese constructed his tree from universally distributed comparative gene sequencing that are present in every organism, and conserved (meaning that these genes have remained essentially unchanged throughout evolution). Woese’s approach was revolutionary because comparing physical features are insufficient to differentiate between the prokaryotes that appear fairly similar in spite of their tremendous biochemical diversity and genetic variability (<link target-id="fig-ch01_02_09"/>). Comparing rRNA sequences provided Woese with a sensitive device that revealed the extensive variability of prokaryotes, and which justified separating the prokaryotes into two domains: bacteria and archaea.</para><figure id="fig-ch01_02_09" orient="vertical"><media id="eip-idp79648976" alt="There are four photos shown. Photo A is a micrograph, showing tubelike bacteria. Photo B shows a steaming body of water, refered to as a hot vent. Some of the water is a typical blue, while the outer edges are rust colored. Photo C shows a tall sunflower, with a thick stem and bright yellow petals. Photo D shows a muscular lion that has a thick mane of hair around its neck and head.">
 <image mime-type="image/png" src="../../media/Figure_01_02_17abcd.png"/>
 </media>