errata 24217

modules/m66379/index.cnxml

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 <section id="fs-id2348611">
 <title>Binding Initiates a Signaling Pathway</title>
 <para id="fs-id2572263">After the ligand binds to the cell-surface receptor, the activation of the receptor’s intracellular components sets off a chain of events that is called a <term id="term-00004">signaling pathway</term>, sometimes called a signaling cascade. In a signaling pathway, second messengers–enzymes–and activated proteins interact with specific proteins, which are in turn activated in a chain reaction that eventually leads to a change in the cell’s environment (<link target-id="fig-ch09_02_01"/>), such as an increase in metabolism or specific gene expression. The events in the cascade occur in a series, much like a current flows in a river. Interactions that occur before a certain point are defined as upstream events, and events after that point are called downstream events.</para>
-<note id="fs-idp100312512" class="visual-connection"><para id="fs-id2890297"><figure id="fig-ch09_02_01"><media id="fs-id2694648" alt="This illustration shows the epidermal growth factor receptor, which is embedded in the plasma membrane. Upon binding of a signaling molecule to the receptors extracellular domain, the receptor dimerizes, and intracellular residues are phosphorylated. Phosphorylation of the receptor triggers the phosphorylation of a protein called M E K by R A F. M E K, in turn, phosphorylates E R K. E R K stimulates protein translation in the cytoplasm, and transcription in the nucleus. Activation of E R K stimulates cell proliferation, cell migration and adhesion, and angiogenesis; growth of new blood vessels. E R K inhibits apoptosis.">
+<note id="fs-idp100312512" class="visual-connection"><para id="fs-id2890297"><figure id="fig-ch09_02_01"><media id="fs-id2694648" alt="This illustration shows the epidermal growth factor receptor, which is embedded in the plasma membrane. Upon binding of a signaling molecule to the receptor's extracellular domain, the receptor dimerizes, and intracellular residues are phosphorylated. Phosphorylation of the receptor triggers the phosphorylation of a protein called M E K by R A F. M E K, in turn, phosphorylates E R K. E R K stimulates protein translation in the cytoplasm, and transcription in the nucleus. Activation of E R K stimulates cell proliferation, cell migration and adhesion, and angiogenesis, which is the growth of new blood vessels. E R K inhibits apoptosis.">
         <image mime-type="image/png" src="../../media/Figure_09_02_01.png" width="280"/>
     </media>
     <caption>The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase involved in the regulation of cell growth, wound healing, and tissue repair. When EGF binds to the EGFR, a cascade of downstream events causes the cell to grow and divide. If EGFR is activated at inappropriate times, uncontrolled cell growth (cancer) may occur.</caption></figure></para>