errata 24232

modules/m62803/index.cnxml

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
 <image mime-type="image/jpg" src="../../media/Figure_10_01_01-5016.jpg" width="320"/>
 </media>
 <caption>Prokaryotes, including bacteria and archaea, have a single, circular chromosome located in a central region called the nucleoid.</caption></figure><para id="fs-id2116400">In eukaryotes, the genome consists of several double-stranded linear DNA molecules (<link target-id="fig-ch10_01_02"/>). Each species of eukaryotes has a characteristic number of chromosomes in the nuclei of its cells. Human body cells have 46 chromosomes, while human <term id="term-00002">gametes</term> (sperm or eggs) have 23 chromosomes each. A typical body cell, or somatic cell, contains two matched sets of chromosomes, a configuration known as <term id="term-00003">diploid</term>. The letter <emphasis effect="italics">n</emphasis> is used to represent a single set of chromosomes; therefore, a diploid organism is designated 2<emphasis effect="italics">n</emphasis>. Human cells that contain one set of chromosomes are called gametes, or sex cells; these are eggs and sperm, and are designated <emphasis effect="italics">1n</emphasis>, or <term id="term-00004">haploid</term>.</para>
-<figure id="fig-ch10_01_02" class="ost-tag-lo-apbio-ch10-s01-lo01 ost-tag-lo-apbio-ch10-s01-aplo-3-1"><media id="fs-id2137905" alt="The 23 chromosomes from a human female are each dyed a different color so they can be distinguished. During most of the cell cycle, each chromosome is elongated into a thin strand that folds over on itself, like a piece of spaghetti.  The chromosomes fill the entire spherical nucleus, but each one is contained in a different part, resulting in a multi-colored sphere. During mitosis, the chromosomes condense into thick, compact bars, each a different color. These bars can be arranged in numerical order to form a karyotype. There are two copies of each chromosome in the karyotype..">
+<figure id="fig-ch10_01_02" class="ost-tag-lo-apbio-ch10-s01-lo01 ost-tag-lo-apbio-ch10-s01-aplo-3-1"><media id="fs-id2137905" alt="The 23 chromosomes from a human female are each dyed a different color so they can be distinguished. During most of the cell cycle, each chromosome is elongated into a thin strand that folds over on itself, like a piece of spaghetti.  The chromosomes fill the entire spherical nucleus, but each one is contained in a different part, resulting in a multi-colored sphere. During mitosis, the chromosomes condense into thick, compact bars, each a different color. These bars can be arranged in numerical order to form a karyotype. There are two copies of each chromosome in the karyotype.">
 <image mime-type="image/jpg" src="../../media/Figure_10_01_02-1062.jpg" width="320"/>
 </media>
 <caption>There are 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes in a female human somatic cell. The condensed chromosomes are viewed within the nucleus (top), removed from a cell in mitosis and spread out on a slide (right), and artificially arranged according to length (left); an arrangement like this is called a karyotype. In this image, the chromosomes were exposed to fluorescent stains for differentiation of the different chromosomes. A method of staining called “chromosome painting” employs fluorescent dyes that highlight chromosomes in different colors. (credit: National Human Genome Project/NIH)</caption></figure><para id="fs-id1602689">Matched pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism are called <term id="term-00005">homologous</term> (“same knowledge”) <term id="term-00006">chromosomes</term>. Homologous chromosomes are the same length and have specific nucleotide segments called <term id="term-00007">genes</term> in exactly the same location, or <term id="term-00008">locus</term>. Genes, the functional units of chromosomes, determine specific characteristics by coding for specific proteins. Traits are the variations of those characteristics. For example, hair color is a characteristic with traits that are blonde, brown, or black.</para>

modules/m66477/index.cnxml

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 </media>
 <caption>Prokaryotes, including both Bacteria and Archaea, have a single, circular chromosome located in a central region called the nucleoid.</caption></figure><para id="fs-id2116400">In eukaryotes, the genome consists of several double-stranded linear DNA molecules (<link target-id="fig-ch10_01_02"/>). Each species of eukaryotes has a characteristic number of chromosomes in the nuclei of its cells. Human body (somatic) cells have 46 chromosomes, while human <term id="term-00002">gametes</term> (sperm or eggs) have 23 chromosomes each. A typical body cell contains two matched or homologous sets of chromosomes (one set from each biological parent)—a configuration known as <term id="term-00003">diploid</term>. (Note: The letter <emphasis effect="italics">n</emphasis> is used to represent a single set of chromosomes; therefore, a diploid organism is designated 2<emphasis effect="italics">n</emphasis>.) Human cells that contain one set of chromosomes are called gametes, or sex cells; these are eggs and sperm, and are designated <emphasis effect="italics">1n</emphasis>, or <term id="term-00004">haploid</term>.</para>
 <para id="fs-id1602689">Upon fertilization, each gamete contributes one set of chromosomes, creating a diploid cell containing matched pairs of chromosomes called <term id="term-00005">homologous</term> (“same knowledge”) <term id="term-00006">chromosomes</term>. Homologous chromosomes are the same length and have specific nucleotide segments called <term id="term-00007">genes</term> in exactly the same location, or <term id="term-00008">locus</term>. Genes, the functional units of chromosomes, determine specific characteristics by coding for specific proteins. Traits are the variations of those characteristics. For example, hair color is a characteristic with traits that are blonde, brown, or black, and many colors in between.</para>
-<figure id="fig-ch10_01_02"><media id="fs-id2137905" alt="The 23 chromosomes from a human female are each dyed a different color so they can be distinguished. During most of the cell cycle, each chromosome is elongated into a thin strand that folds over on itself, like a piece of spaghetti. The chromosomes fill the entire spherical nucleus, but each one is contained in a different part, resulting in a multi-colored sphere. During mitosis, the chromosomes condense into thick, compact bars, each a different color. These bars can be arranged in numerical order to form a karyotype. There are two copies of each chromosome in the karyotype..">
+<figure id="fig-ch10_01_02"><media id="fs-id2137905" alt="The 23 chromosomes from a human female are each dyed a different color so they can be distinguished. During most of the cell cycle, each chromosome is elongated into a thin strand that folds over on itself, like a piece of spaghetti. The chromosomes fill the entire spherical nucleus, but each one is contained in a different part, resulting in a multi-colored sphere. During mitosis, the chromosomes condense into thick, compact bars, each a different color. These bars can be arranged in numerical order to form a karyotype. There are two copies of each chromosome in the karyotype.">
 <image mime-type="image/jpg" src="../../media/Figure_10_01_02-1062.jpg" width="320"/>
 </media>
 <caption>There are 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes in a female human somatic cell. The condensed chromosomes are viewed within the nucleus (top), removed from a cell during mitosis (also called karyokinesis or nuclear division) and spread out on a slide (right), and artificially arranged according to length (left); an arrangement like this is called a karyotype. In this image, the chromosomes were exposed to fluorescent stains for differentiation of the different chromosomes. A method of staining called <emphasis effect="italics">“chromosome painting”</emphasis> employs fluorescent dyes that highlight chromosomes in different colors. (credit: National Human Genome Project/NIH)</caption></figure>

modules/m66498/index.cnxml

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 </section>
 <section id="fs-id653506">
 <title>Prokaryotic Promoters</title>
-<para id="fs-id1236812">A <term id="term-00008">promoter</term> is a DNA sequence onto which the transcription machinery, including RNA polymerase, binds and initiates transcription. In most cases, promoters exist upstream of the genes they regulate. The specific sequence of a promoter is very important because it determines whether the corresponding gene is transcribed all the time, some of the time, or infrequently. Although promoters vary among prokaryotic genomes, a few elements are evolutionarily conserved in many species. At the -10 and -35 regions upstream of the initiation site, there are two <emphasis effect="italics">promoter consensus sequences</emphasis>, or regions that are similar across all promoters and across various bacterial species (<link target-id="fig-ch15_02_01"/>). The -10 sequence, called the -10 region, has the consensus sequence TATAAT. The -35 sequence has the consensus sequence TTGACA. These consensus sequences are recognized and bound by <emphasis effect="italics">σ</emphasis>. Once this interaction is made, the subunits of the core enzyme bind to the site. The A–T-rich -10 region facilitates unwinding of the DNA template, and several phosphodiester bonds are made. The transcription initiation phase ends with the production of abortive transcripts, which are polymers of approximately 10 nucleotides that are made and released.</para><figure id="fig-ch15_02_01"><media id="fs-id1482493" alt="Illustration shows the sigma subunit of R N A polymerase bound to two consensus sequences that are 10 and 35 bases upstream of the transcription start site. R N A polymerase is bound to sigma..">
+<para id="fs-id1236812">A <term id="term-00008">promoter</term> is a DNA sequence onto which the transcription machinery, including RNA polymerase, binds and initiates transcription. In most cases, promoters exist upstream of the genes they regulate. The specific sequence of a promoter is very important because it determines whether the corresponding gene is transcribed all the time, some of the time, or infrequently. Although promoters vary among prokaryotic genomes, a few elements are evolutionarily conserved in many species. At the -10 and -35 regions upstream of the initiation site, there are two <emphasis effect="italics">promoter consensus sequences</emphasis>, or regions that are similar across all promoters and across various bacterial species (<link target-id="fig-ch15_02_01"/>). The -10 sequence, called the -10 region, has the consensus sequence TATAAT. The -35 sequence has the consensus sequence TTGACA. These consensus sequences are recognized and bound by <emphasis effect="italics">σ</emphasis>. Once this interaction is made, the subunits of the core enzyme bind to the site. The A–T-rich -10 region facilitates unwinding of the DNA template, and several phosphodiester bonds are made. The transcription initiation phase ends with the production of abortive transcripts, which are polymers of approximately 10 nucleotides that are made and released.</para><figure id="fig-ch15_02_01"><media id="fs-id1482493" alt="Illustration shows the sigma subunit of R N A polymerase bound to two consensus sequences that are 10 and 35 bases upstream of the transcription start site. R N A polymerase is bound to sigma.">
 <image mime-type="image/jpg" src="../../media/Figure_15_02_01-50f7.jpg" width="350"/>
 </media>
 <caption>The <emphasis effect="italics">σ</emphasis> subunit of prokaryotic RNA polymerase recognizes consensus sequences found in the promoter region upstream of the transcription start site. The <emphasis effect="italics">σ</emphasis> subunit dissociates from the polymerase after transcription has been initiated.</caption></figure><note id="fs-id889157" class="interactive">