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oscryan committed Jul 8, 2024
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<note id="fs-idp187273792" class="interactive">
<para id="fs-idm67079808">Take a look at this video to see cytoplasmic streaming in a green alga.<newline/>
<media id="eip-id1164992" alt="chara_corallina">
<iframe width="660" height="371.4" src="https://www.openstax.org/l/chara_corallina"/>
<iframe width="660" height="371.4" src="https://openstax.org/l/chara_corallina"/>
</media></para></note>
</section>
</section>
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<caption>Cellular Slime Mold. The image shows several stages in the life cycle of <emphasis effect="italics">Dictyostelium discoideum</emphasis>, including aggregated cells, mobile slugs and their transformation into fruiting bodies with a cluster of spores supported by a stalk. (credit: By Usman Bashir (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0 (<link window="new" url="https://openstax.org/l/CCBY">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</link>)], via Wikimedia Commons)</caption></figure><note id="fs-idp151018896" class="interactive">
<para id="fs-idp32368176">View this video to see the formation of a fruiting body by a cellular slime mold.<newline/>
<media id="eip-id1165237746084" alt="slime_mold">
<iframe width="660" height="371.4" src="https://www.openstax.org/l/slime_mold"/>
<iframe width="660" height="371.4" src="https://openstax.org/l/slime_mold"/>
</media>
</para></note></section></section>
<section id="fs-idp24587808">
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<note id="fs-idp110320176" class="interactive">
<para id="fs-idm15754784">Watch the video of the contractile vacuole of <emphasis effect="italics">Paramecium</emphasis> expelling water to keep the cell osmotically balanced.
<media id="eip-id1165792853951" alt="paramecium">
<iframe width="660" height="371.4" src="https://www.openstax.org/l/paramecium"/>
<iframe width="660" height="371.4" src="https://openstax.org/l/paramecium"/>
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</para>
</note><para id="fs-idp36250448"><emphasis effect="italics">Paramecium </emphasis>has two nuclei, a macronucleus and a micronucleus, in each cell. The micronucleus is essential for sexual reproduction, and is in many ways a typical eukaryotic nucleus, except that its genes are not transcribed. The transcribed nucleus is the macronucleus, which directs asexual binary fission and all other biological functions. The macronucleus is a multiploid nucleus constructed from the micronucleus during sexual reproduction. Periodic reconstruction of the macronucleus is necessary because the macronucleus divides amitotically, and thus becomes genetically unbalanced over a period of successive cell replications. <emphasis effect="italics">Paramecium</emphasis> and most other ciliates reproduce sexually by conjugation. This process begins when two different mating types of <emphasis effect="italics">Paramecium</emphasis> make physical contact and join with a cytoplasmic bridge (<link target-id="fig-ch23_03_08"/>). The diploid micronucleus in each cell then undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid micronuclei. Three of these degenerate in each cell, leaving one micronucleus that then undergoes mitosis, generating two haploid micronuclei. The cells each exchange one of these haploid nuclei and move away from each other. Fusion of the haploid micronuclei generates a completely novel diploid pre-micronucleus in each conjugative cell. This pre-micronucleus undergoes three rounds of mitosis to produce eight copies, and the original macronucleus disintegrates. Four of the eight pre-micronuclei become full-fledged micronuclei, whereas the other four perform multiple rounds of DNA replication. The copies of the micronuclear chromosomes are severely edited to form hundreds of smaller chromosomes that contain only the protein coding genes. Each of these smaller chromosomes gets new telomeres as the macronucleus differentiates. Two cycles of cell division then yield four new <emphasis effect="italics">Paramecia </emphasis>from each original conjugative cell.</para>
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<note id="fs-idp72998670" class="interactive">
<para id="fs-idm117025732">Termite gut endosymbionts <newline/>
<media id="med-id1167232288213" alt="Termite gut endosymbionts">
<iframe width="754" height="480" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/HOx7SDdIqyU"/>
<iframe width="754" height="480" src="https://openstax.org/l/endosymbiont"/>
</media></para></note>
</section>
<section id="fs-idp59045568">
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<caption>Sleeping sickness. <emphasis effect="italics">Trypanosoma brucei</emphasis>, the causative agent of sleeping sickness, spends part of its life cycle in the tsetse fly and part in humans. (credit: modification of work by CDC)</caption></figure><note id="fs-idp72997680" class="interactive">
<para id="fs-idm117075232">Watch this video to see <emphasis effect="italics">T</emphasis>.<emphasis effect="italics"> brucei</emphasis> swimming.
<media id="eip-id1167232288213" alt="T_brucei">
<iframe width="660" height="371.4" src="https://www.openstax.org/l/T_brucei"/>
<iframe width="660" height="371.4" src="https://openstax.org/l/T_brucei"/>
</media>
</para></note></section></section>
<section id="fs-idm45018016" class="summary">
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