deprivateR

deprivateR is meant to provide a unified API for accessing and calculating a number of different measures of socioeconomic deprivation in the United States, including the Area Deprivation Index (ADI), Neighborhood Deprivation Index (NDI), and the Social Vulnerability Index. The Gini Coefficient can also be returned, though it is not re-calculated on the fly.

Motivation

The sociome and ndi packages are excellent contributions, but offer different APIs for returning their respective indices. deprivateR provides a unified interface for accessing these measures of deprivation, as well as the ability to calculate the various forms of the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has published. Importantly, SVI can be calculated for a variety of years and geographic levels. This functionality expands the possibilities for implementing these measures in research and public health practice. However, users should also be aware that ADI, NDI, and SVI have not been extensively validated for some Census geographies.

Installation

The development version of deprivateR can be accessed from GitHub with remotes:

# install.packages("remotes")
remotes::install_github("pfizer-opensource/deprivateR")

Usage

Calculate Deprivation Indices

The core function in deprivateR is dep_get_index(). This function returns the specified index for the given geography and year:

> dep_get_index(geography = "county", state = "MO", index = "adi", year = 2022)
Using FIPS code '29' for state 'MO'
# A tibble: 115 × 3
   GEOID NAME                         ADI
   <chr> <chr>                      <dbl>
 1 29001 Adair County, Missouri     101. 
 2 29003 Andrew County, Missouri     69.4
 3 29005 Atchison County, Missouri  104. 
 4 29007 Audrain County, Missouri   115. 
 5 29009 Barry County, Missouri     106. 
 6 29011 Barton County, Missouri    118. 
 7 29013 Bates County, Missouri     107. 
 8 29015 Benton County, Missouri    103. 
 9 29017 Bollinger County, Missouri 104. 
10 29019 Boone County, Missouri      68.9
# ℹ 105 more rows
# ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

The index argument can take multiple indicies at once, as can the year argument. This gives users the ability to compare multiple indicies across multiple years:

> dep_get_index(geography = "county", state = "MO", index = c("svi20", "svi20s"), year = c(2021, 2022))
Using FIPS code '29' for state 'MO'
# A tibble: 230 × 5
   GEOID NAME                       YEAR SVI_20 SVI_20S
   <chr> <chr>                     <dbl>  <dbl>   <dbl>
 1 29001 Adair County, Missouri     2021  0.377   0.386
 2 29001 Adair County, Missouri     2022  0.456   0.439
 3 29003 Andrew County, Missouri    2021  0       0    
 4 29003 Andrew County, Missouri    2022  0       0    
 5 29005 Atchison County, Missouri  2021  0.149   0.167
 6 29005 Atchison County, Missouri  2022  0.149   0.167
 7 29007 Audrain County, Missouri   2021  0.746   0.781
 8 29007 Audrain County, Missouri   2022  0.886   0.904
 9 29009 Barry County, Missouri     2021  0.702   0.693
10 29009 Barry County, Missouri     2022  0.702   0.667
# ℹ 220 more rows
# ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

An alternative to dep_get_index() is dep_calc_index(), which provides users with the ability to calculate indicies using pre-downloaded data. The dep_sample_data() function can be used to explore how this function works using sample data from the 2018-2022 5-year American Community Survey for Missouri Counties:

> ndi_m <- dep_sample_data(index = "ndi_m")
> dep_calc_index(ndi_m, geography = "county", index = "ndi_m", year = 2022)
Warning: The proportion of variance explained by PC1 is less than 0.50.
# A tibble: 115 × 4
   GEOID NAME                        YEAR   NDI_M
   <chr> <chr>                      <dbl>   <dbl>
 1 29001 Adair County, Missouri      2022  0.0193
 2 29003 Andrew County, Missouri     2022 -0.108 
 3 29005 Atchison County, Missouri   2022 -0.0505
 4 29007 Audrain County, Missouri    2022  0.0107
 5 29009 Barry County, Missouri      2022  0.0129
 6 29011 Barton County, Missouri     2022  0.105 
 7 29013 Bates County, Missouri      2022  0.0679
 8 29015 Benton County, Missouri     2022  0.0283
 9 29017 Bollinger County, Missouri  2022  0.0565
10 29019 Boone County, Missouri      2022 -0.0646
# ℹ 105 more rows
# ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

Additional Functionality

The deprivateR package also contains a number of helper functions that we use in our disparities work. These include:

• dep_percentiles(): Calculate percentiles for a given variable in a data frame. This is the method used to reproduce SVI estimates, which include percentiles for each variable. It is also the method used for dep_get_index() and dep_calc_index() when return_percentiles = TRUE.
• dep_quantiles(): Calculate quantiles for a given variable in a data frame. We use this to create tertiles and quartiles for descriptive statistics and regression analyses.
• dep_map_breaks(): Calculate map breaks for a given variable in a data frame. This is useful for creating choropleth maps with package like ggplot2 or leaflet. It can be used to create “bins” automatically, using any of the algorithms supported by , or accept pre-specified breaks.

Gratitude

deprivateR would not be possible without the work of the sociome and ndi packages. The sociome package’s development was led by Nik Krieger, and the ndi package’s author is Ian D. Buller - we’re immensely grateful for their contributions to the field. Likewise, deprivateR would not be possible without Kyle Walker’s packages tigris and tidycensus, which provide access to the underlying U.S. Census Bureau data for calculating these indices.

Feedback and Code of Conduct

If you have feedback on deprivateR, please open an issue on GitHub after checking the contribution guidelines. Please note that this project is released with a Contributor Code of Conduct. By participating in this project you agree to abide by its terms.