Grid Map

Overview

This is a C++ library with ROS interface to manage two-dimensional grid maps with multiple data layers. It is designed for mobile robotic mapping to store data such as elevation, variance, color, friction coefficient, foothold quality, surface normal, traversability etc. It is used in the Robot-Centric Elevation Mapping package designed for rough terrain navigation.

Features:

• Multi-layered: Developed for universal 2.5-dimensional grid mapping with support for any number of layers.
• Efficient map re-positioning: Data storage is implemented as two-dimensional circular buffer. This allows for non-destructive shifting of the map's position (e.g. to follow the robot) without copying data in memory.
• Based on Eigen: Grid map data is stored as Eigen data types. Users can apply available Eigen algorithms directly to the map data for versatile and efficient data manipulation.
• Convenience functions: Several helper methods allow for convenient and memory safe cell data access. For example, iterator functions for rectangular, circular, polygonal regions and lines are implemented.
• ROS interface: Grid maps can be directly converted to and from ROS message types such as PointCloud2, OccupancyGrid, GridCells, and our custom GridMap message. Conversion packages provide compatibility with costmap_2d, PCL, and OctoMap data types.
• OpenCV interface: Grid maps can be seamlessly converted from and to OpenCV image types to make use of the tools provided by OpenCV.
• Visualizations: The grid_map_rviz_plugin renders grid maps as 3d surface plots (height maps) in RViz. Additionally, the grid_map_visualization package helps to visualize grid maps as point clouds, occupancy grids, grid cells etc.
• Filters: The grid_map_filters provides are range of filters to process grid maps as a sequence of filters. Parsing of mathematical expressions allows to flexibly setup powerful computations such as thresholding, normal vectors, smoothening, variance, inpainting, and matrix kernel convolutions.

The grid map package has been tested with ROS Indigo, Jade (under Ubuntu 14.04), Kinetic (under Ubuntu 16.04), and Melodic (under Ubuntu 18.04). This is research code, expect that it changes often and any fitness for a particular purpose is disclaimed.

The source code is released under a BSD 3-Clause license.

Author: Péter Fankhauser
Affiliation: ANYbotics
Maintainer: Péter Fankhauser, [email protected]
With contributions by: Tanja Baumann, Jeff Delmerico, Remo Diethelm, Perry Franklin, Dominic Jud, Ralph Kaestner, Philipp Krüsi, Alex Millane, Daniel Stonier, Elena Stumm, Martin Wermelinger, Christos Zalidis, Edo Jelavic, Ruben Grandia, Simone Arreghini

This projected was initially developed at ETH Zurich (Autonomous Systems Lab & Robotic Systems Lab).

This work is conducted as part of ANYmal Research, a community to advance legged robotics.

Publications

If you use this work in an academic context, please cite the following publication:

P. Fankhauser and M. Hutter, "A Universal Grid Map Library: Implementation and Use Case for Rough Terrain Navigation", in Robot Operating System (ROS) – The Complete Reference (Volume 1), A. Koubaa (Ed.), Springer, 2016. (PDF)

@incollection{Fankhauser2016GridMapLibrary,
  author = {Fankhauser, P{\'{e}}ter and Hutter, Marco},
  booktitle = {Robot Operating System (ROS) – The Complete Reference (Volume 1)},
  title = {{A Universal Grid Map Library: Implementation and Use Case for Rough Terrain Navigation}},
  chapter = {5},
  editor = {Koubaa, Anis},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2016},
  isbn = {978-3-319-26052-5},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-26054-9{\_}5},
  url = {http://www.springer.com/de/book/9783319260525}
}

Documentation

An introduction to the grid map library including a tutorial is given in this book chapter.

The C++ API is documented here:

• grid_map_core
• grid_map_ros
• grid_map_costmap_2d
• grid_map_cv
• grid_map_filters
• grid_map_octomap
• grid_map_pcl

Installation

Installation from Packages

To install all packages from the grid map library as Debian packages use

sudo apt-get install ros-$ROS_DISTRO-grid-map

Building from Source

Dependencies

The grid_map_core package depends only on the linear algebra library Eigen.

sudo apt-get install libeigen3-dev

The other packages depend additionally on the ROS standard installation (roscpp, tf, filters, sensor_msgs, nav_msgs, and cv_bridge). Other format specific conversion packages (e.g. grid_map_cv, grid_map_pcl etc.) depend on packages described below in Packages Overview.

Building

To build from source, clone the latest version from this repository into your catkin workspace and compile the package using

cd catkin_ws/src
git clone https://github.com/anybotics/grid_map.git
cd ../
catkin_make

To maximize performance, make sure to build in Release mode. You can specify the build type by setting

catkin_make -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release

Packages Overview

This repository consists of following packages:

• grid_map is the meta-package for the grid map library.
• grid_map_core implements the algorithms of the grid map library. It provides the GridMap class and several helper classes such as the iterators. This package is implemented without ROS dependencies.
• grid_map_ros is the main package for ROS dependent projects using the grid map library. It provides the interfaces to convert grid maps from and to several ROS message types.
• grid_map_demos contains several nodes for demonstration purposes.
• grid_map_filters builds on the ROS Filters package to process grid maps as a sequence of filters.
• grid_map_msgs holds the ROS message and service definitions around the [grid_map_msg/GridMap] message type.
• grid_map_rviz_plugin is an RViz plugin to visualize grid maps as 3d surface plots (height maps).
• grid_map_visualization contains a node written to convert GridMap messages to other ROS message types for example for visualization in RViz.

Additional conversion packages:

• grid_map_costmap_2d provides conversions of grid maps from costmap_2d map types.
• grid_map_cv provides conversions of grid maps from and to OpenCV image types.
• grid_map_octomap provides conversions of grid maps from OctoMap (OctoMap) maps.
• grid_map_pcl provides conversions of grid maps from Point Cloud Library (PCL) polygon meshes and point clouds. For details, see the grid map pcl package README.

Unit Tests

Run the unit tests with

catkin_make run_tests_grid_map_core run_tests_grid_map_ros

or

catkin build grid_map --no-deps --verbose --catkin-make-args run_tests

if you are using catkin tools.

Usage

Demonstrations

The grid_map_demos package contains several demonstration nodes. Use this code to verify your installation of the grid map packages and to get you started with your own usage of the library.

• simple_demo demonstrates a simple example for using the grid map library. This ROS node creates a grid map, adds data to it, and publishes it. To see the result in RViz, execute the command

    roslaunch grid_map_demos simple_demo.launch
  

• tutorial_demo is an extended demonstration of the library's functionalities. Launch the tutorial_demo with

    roslaunch grid_map_demos tutorial_demo.launch
  

• iterators_demo showcases the usage of the grid map iterators. Launch it with

    roslaunch grid_map_demos iterators_demo.launch
  

• image_to_gridmap_demo demonstrates how to convert data from an image to a grid map. Start the demonstration with

    roslaunch grid_map_demos image_to_gridmap_demo.launch
  

  

• opencv_demo demonstrates map manipulations with help of OpenCV functions. Start the demonstration with

    roslaunch grid_map_demos opencv_demo.launch
  

  

• resolution_change_demo shows how the resolution of a grid map can be changed with help of the OpenCV image scaling methods. The see the results, use

    roslaunch grid_map_demos resolution_change_demo.launch
  

• filters_demo uses a chain of ROS Filters to process a grid map. Starting from the elevation of a terrain map, the demo uses several filters to show how to compute surface normals, use inpainting to fill holes, smoothen/blur the map, and use math expressions to detect edges, compute roughness and traversability. The filter chain setup is configured in the filters_demo_filter_chain.yaml file. Launch the demo with

    roslaunch grid_map_demos filters_demo.launch
  

  

For more information about grid map filters, see grid_map_filters.

• interpolation_demo shows the result of different interpolation methods on the resulting surface. The start the demo, use

    roslaunch grid_map_demos interpolation_demo.launch
  

The user can play with different worlds (surfaces) and different interpolation settings in the interpolation_demo.yaml file. The visualization displays the ground truth in green and yellow color. The interpolation result is shown in red and purple colors. Also, the demo computes maximal and average interpolation errors, as well as the average time required for a single interpolation query.

Grid map features four different interpolation methods (in order of increasing accuracy and increasing complexity):

• NN - Nearest Neighbour (fastest, but least accurate).
• Linear - Linear interpolation.
• Cubic convolution - Piecewise cubic interpolation. Implemented using the cubic convolution algorithm.
• Cubic - Cubic interpolation (slowest, but most accurate).

For more details check the literature listed in CubicInterpolation.hpp file.

Conventions & Definitions

Iterators

The grid map library contains various iterators for convenience.

Grid map	Submap	Circle	Line	Polygon
Ellipse	Spiral

Using the iterator in a for loop is common. For example, iterate over the entire grid map with the GridMapIterator with

for (grid_map::GridMapIterator iterator(map); !iterator.isPastEnd(); ++iterator) {
    cout << "The value at index " << (*iterator).transpose() << " is " << map.at("layer", *iterator) << endl;
}

The other grid map iterators follow the same form. You can find more examples on how to use the different iterators in the iterators_demo node.

Note: For maximum efficiency when using iterators, it is recommended to locally store direct access to the data layers of the grid map with grid_map::Matrix& data = map["layer"] outside the for loop:

grid_map::Matrix& data = map["layer"];
for (GridMapIterator iterator(map); !iterator.isPastEnd(); ++iterator) {
    const Index index(*iterator);
    cout << "The value at index " << index.transpose() << " is " << data(index(0), index(1)) << endl;
}

You can find a benchmarking of the performance of the iterators in the iterator_benchmark node of the grid_map_demos package which can be run with

rosrun grid_map_demos iterator_benchmark

Beware that while iterators are convenient, it is often the cleanest and most efficient to make use of the built-in Eigen methods. Here are some examples:

• Setting a constant value to all cells of a layer:

    map["layer"].setConstant(3.0);
  

• Adding two layers:

    map["sum"] = map["layer_1"] + map["layer_2"];
  

• Scaling a layer:

    map["layer"] = 2.0 * map["layer"];
  

• Max. values between two layers:

    map["max"] = map["layer_1"].cwiseMax(map["layer_2"]);
  

• Compute the root mean squared error:

    map.add("error", (map.get("layer_1") - map.get("layer_2")).cwiseAbs());
    unsigned int nCells = map.getSize().prod();
    double rootMeanSquaredError = sqrt((map["error"].array().pow(2).sum()) / nCells);
  

Changing the Position of the Map

There are two different methods to change the position of the map:

• setPosition(...): Changes the position of the map without changing data stored in the map. This changes the corresponce between the data and the map frame.
• move(...): Relocates the grid map such that the corresponce between data and the map frame does not change. Data in the overlapping region before and after the position change remains stored. Data that falls outside of the map at its new position is discarded. Cells that cover previously unknown regions are emptied (set to nan). The data storage is implemented as two-dimensional circular buffer to minimize computational effort.

setPosition(...)	move(...)

Packages

grid_map_rviz_plugin

This RViz plugin visualizes a grid map layer as 3d surface plot (height map). A separate layer can be chosen as layer for the color information.

grid_map_visualization

This node subscribes to a topic of type grid_map_msgs/GridMap and publishes messages that can be visualized in RViz. The published topics of the visualizer can be fully configure with a YAML parameter file. Any number of visualizations with different parameters can be added. An example is here for the configuration file of the tutorial_demo.

Point cloud	Vectors	Occupancy grid	Grid cells

Parameters

• grid_map_topic (string, default: "/grid_map")

  The name of the grid map topic to be visualized. See below for the description of the visualizers.

Subscribed Topics

• /grid_map (grid_map_msgs/GridMap)

  The grid map to visualize.

Published Topics

The published topics are configured with the YAML parameter file. Possible topics are:

• point_cloud (sensor_msgs/PointCloud2)

  Shows the grid map as a point cloud. Select which layer to transform as points with the layer parameter.

    name: elevation
    type: point_cloud
    params:
     layer: elevation
     flat: false # optional
  

• flat_point_cloud (sensor_msgs/PointCloud2)

  Shows the grid map as a "flat" point cloud, i.e. with all points at the same height z. This is convenient to visualize 2d maps or images (or even video streams) in RViz with help of its Color Transformer. The parameter height determines the desired z-position of the flat point cloud.

    name: flat_grid
    type: flat_point_cloud
    params:
     height: 0.0
  

  Note: In order to omit points in the flat point cloud from empty/invalid cells, specify the layers which should be checked for validity with setBasicLayers(...).

• vectors (visualization_msgs/Marker)

  Visualizes vector data of the grid map as visual markers. Specify the layers which hold the x-, y-, and z-components of the vectors with the layer_prefix parameter. The parameter position_layer defines the layer to be used as start point of the vectors.

    name: surface_normals
    type: vectors
    params:
     layer_prefix: normal_
     position_layer: elevation
     scale: 0.06
     line_width: 0.005
     color: 15600153 # red
  

• occupancy_grid (nav_msgs/OccupancyGrid)

  Visualizes a layer of the grid map as occupancy grid. Specify the layer to be visualized with the layer parameter, and the upper and lower bound with data_min and data_max.

    name: traversability_grid
    type: occupancy_grid
    params:
     layer: traversability
     data_min: -0.15
     data_max: 0.15
  

• grid_cells (nav_msgs/GridCells)

  Visualizes a layer of the grid map as grid cells. Specify the layer to be visualized with the layer parameter, and the upper and lower bounds with lower_threshold and upper_threshold.

    name: elevation_cells
    type: grid_cells
    params:
     layer: elevation
     lower_threshold: -0.08 # optional, default: -inf
     upper_threshold: 0.08 # optional, default: inf
  

• region (visualization_msgs/Marker)

  Shows the boundary of the grid map.

    name: map_region
    type: map_region
    params:
     color: 3289650
     line_width: 0.003
  

Note: Color values are in RGB form as concatenated integers (for each channel value 0-255). The values can be generated like this as an example for the color green (red: 0, green: 255, blue: 0).

grid_map_filters

The grid_map_filters package containts several filters which can be applied a grid map to perform computations on the data in the layers. The grid map filters are based on ROS Filters, which means that a chain of filters can be configured as a YAML file. Furthermore, additional filters can be written and made available through the ROS plugin mechanism, such as the InpaintFilter from the grid_map_cv package.

Several basic filters are provided in the grid_map_filters package:

• gridMapFilters/ThresholdFilter

  Set values below/above a threshold to a specified value.

    name: lower_threshold
    type: gridMapFilters/ThresholdFilter
    params:
      layer: layer_name
      lower_threshold: 0.0 # alternative: upper_threshold
      set_to: 0.0 # # Other uses: .nan, .inf
  

• gridMapFilters/MeanInRadiusFilter

  Compute for each cell of a layer the mean value inside a radius.

    name: mean_in_radius
    type: gridMapFilters/MeanInRadiusFilter
    params:
      input_layer: input
      output_layer: output
      radius: 0.06 # in m.
  

• gridMapFilters/NormalVectorsFilter

  Compute the normal vectors of a layer in a map.

    name: surface_normals
    type: gridMapFilters/NormalVectorsFilter
    params:
      input_layer: input
      output_layers_prefix: normal_vectors_
      radius: 0.05
      normal_vector_positive_axis: z
  

• gridMapFilters/NormalColorMapFilter

  Compute a new color layer based on normal vectors layers.

    name: surface_normals
    type: gridMapFilters/NormalColorMapFilter
    params:
      input_layers_prefix: normal_vectors_
      output_layer: normal_color
  

• gridMapFilters/MathExpressionFilter

  Parse and evaluate a mathematical matrix expression with layers of a grid map. See EigenLab for the documentation of the expressions.

    name: math_expression
    type: gridMapFilters/MathExpressionFilter
    params:
      output_layer: output
      expression: acos(normal_vectors_z) # Slope.
      # expression: abs(elevation - elevation_smooth) # Surface roughness.
      # expression: 0.5 * (1.0 - (slope / 0.6)) + 0.5 * (1.0 - (roughness / 0.1)) # Weighted and normalized sum.
  

• gridMapFilters/SlidingWindowMathExpressionFilter

  Parse and evaluate a mathematical matrix expression within a sliding window on a layer of a grid map. See EigenLab for the documentation of the expressions.

    name: math_expression
    type: gridMapFilters/SlidingWindowMathExpressionFilter
    params:
      input_layer: input
      output_layer: output
      expression: meanOfFinites(input) # Box blur
      # expression: sqrt(sumOfFinites(square(input - meanOfFinites(input))) ./ numberOfFinites(input)) # Standard deviation
      # expression: 'sumOfFinites([0,-1,0;-1,5,-1;0,-1,0].*elevation_inpainted)' # Sharpen with kernel matrix
      compute_empty_cells: true
      edge_handling: crop # options: inside, crop, empty, mean
      window_size: 5 # in number of cells (optional, default: 3), make sure to make this compatible with the kernel matrix
      # window_length: 0.05 # instead of window_size, in m
  

• gridMapFilters/DuplicationFilter

  Duplicate a layer of a grid map.

    name: duplicate
    type: gridMapFilters/DuplicationFilter
    params:
      input_layer: input
      output_layer: output
  

• gridMapFilters/DeletionFilter

  Delete layers from a grid map.

    name: delete
    type: gridMapFilters/DeletionFilter
    params:
      layers: [color, score] # List of layers.
  

Additionally, the grid_map_cv package provides the following filters:

• gridMapCv/InpaintFilter

  Use OpenCV to inpaint/fill holes in a layer.

    name: inpaint
    type: gridMapCv/InpaintFilter
    params:
      input_layer: input
      output_layer: output
      radius: 0.05 # in m
  

Build Status

Devel Job Status

	Indigo	Kinetic	Lunar	Melodic
grid_map
doc

Release Job Status

	Indigo	Kinetic	Lunar	Melodic
grid_map
grid_map_core
grid_map_costmap_2d
grid_map_cv
grid_map_demos
grid_map_filters
grid_map_loader
grid_map_msgs
grid_map_octomap
grid_map_pcl
grid_map_ros
grid_map_rviz_plugin
grid_map_sdf
grid_map_visualization

Bugs & Feature Requests

Please report bugs and request features using the Issue Tracker.