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<h2>直觉主义逻辑探究</h2> | ||
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<p>直觉主义逻辑(intuitionistic logic)是荷兰数学家和逻辑学家Arend Heyting在1930年提出的一个旨在刻画Brouwer直觉主义数学所用的推理规则的逻辑系统。其强调否定的意义逻辑与经典逻辑有所不同,其区分了实在上的假和道理上的假,指出直觉主义逻辑上的否定是道理上的假,是一种强否定;经典逻辑上的否定是实在上的假,是一种弱否定。<br>直觉主义逻辑的真假依赖于我们的认知,真等于我们能证明它,假等于证明它会导致矛盾。而在直觉主义逻辑中,一个命题被解释为一个集合,其元素代表该命题的证明,因此一个假命题被解释为空集合,而一个真命题则是为非空集合。<br>在经典逻辑中,一个命题被认为或真或假,这独立于我们是否能证明它或反证它。另一方面,在直觉主义逻辑中,如上所说,真仅当我们有一个证明它的方法。因为我们没有证明或反证任意命题的方法,所以排中律并不在所有命题中成立,我们不能断定一个任意命题要么真要么假。<br>在直觉主义意义下,实数集中单个实数既不是在连续统之前,也不是在连续统生成之后一个一个地被构造出来,而是在构造连续统的同时构造每一个实数,反之,在构造每一个实数的同时也在构造连续统。可构造的实数可以无止境地进行下去,但我们实际上所得到的是实数的无穷小数展开式中的一部分,是通向无穷的一个初始片段,而不是真正的无穷。如此,直觉主义意义下的单个实数就既不是在连续统之前,也不是在连续统生成之后一个一个地被构造出来,而是在构造连续统的同时构造每一个实数,反之,在构造每一个实数的同时也在构造连续统。而实际上我们只是构造了每一个实数的有穷片段,从而直觉主义意义下的连续统本身与每一个直觉主义意义下的实数同时处于可行的、潜无穷的构造状态中。所以要构造实数或者构造连续统我们必须接受潜无穷而不接受实无穷。</p> | ||
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<p><a class="classtest-link" href="/tags/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6/" rel="tag">数学</a> — 2024年11月1日</p> | ||
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