This repository contains mod_md, a module for Apache httpd that helps you to manage your domains.
mod_md does two things:
- Provide SSL certificates for your domains from Let's Encrypt (or another Certificate Authority that supports the ACME protocol, rfc8555)
- Offer robust OCSP Stapling of SSL certificates which is important for fast page loads in modern browsers.
Both functions work well together, but you can use one without the other. Read the HowTos about stapling for more information.
The following people directly contributed to mod_md by code and documentation changes:
Alvaro Octal, Bernard Spil, Daniel Caminada, Jacob Hoffman-Andrews, Joe Orton,
Josh Soref, Lubos Uhliarik, Michael Kaufmann, Michael Köller,
Michal Karm Babacek, Timothe Litt.
Many thanks!
This README always describes the current version of the module. This might not actually be what you use. You can look
into your Apache server log where mod_md logs its version at startup. There are three major release lines nowadays which are all upwards compatible:
v2.3.xreleases are beta, the new feature is support for multiple certificates and ECDSA keys.v2.2.xreleases are stable. They can be used in production and new versions will be backward compatible with existing configurations.
The large feature added in v2.2.0 is OCSP stapling. This release line shipped in Apache httpd 2.4.46. Apache releases will always get the latest, stable version from here.v2.1.xreleases have been beta, leading up to v2.2.0v2.0.xreleases should be upgraded tov2.2.xwhenever convenient. No new releases in this line will happen.
-
Advanced:
-
Stapling
This is a list of recipes on how you can use mod_md in your Apache configuration. This assumes that you are somewhat familiar with Apache's configuration directives Listen, VirtualHost, SSLEngine and friends. It also assumes that your Apache is running, has the basic modules loaded. You can see a document in your browser (maybe only on http: for now).
Your Apache is working and listens on port 80. It runs on a machine you can connect to. You want it to serve https:. And it should be real https: with a certificate from Let's Encrypt and it should show a green lock (or whatever is the fashion nowadays) in browsers.
Well, there are some prerequisites for that:
- Do you have a domain name that your server should respond to? Let's call this
mydomain.comfor simplicity from now on. - Can you open
http://mydomain.com/in a browser and get something back from your server? - Can you also do that from the internet? (When in doubt, switch off WLAN on your phone and open the browser from there)
This sounds good. You have a running setup for http:. In case you're not aware, http: runs on port 80. Somewhere in your Apache configuration there is a line like
Listen 80
https: listens on port 443. So, either this is already the case, or you need to add another Listen line for this. If you cannot immediately find it: some installations have it in another file that gets included. If it is not there, add it.
To use mod_md you need it loaded into your server. This varies a bit, depending on what installation you use. In debian/ubuntu, for example, there is a command to activate it:
> a2enmod md
Enabling module md.
To activate the new configuration, you need to run:
service apache2 restart
There is no harm in doing this again:
> a2enmod md
Module md already enabled
Also make sure that mod_ssl and mod_watchdog are enabled. watchdog is often directly part of the server and not an external module. Then there is no need to enable it.
One more thing. There is usually an email address in your Apache configuration, configured with the ServerAdmin directive. Sometimes, it has a meaningless default. It has been mainly used in error responses as "Contact [email protected]..." so far and people do not really lose sleep about it being an invalid address. Not so any more!
mod_md will use that email address when registering your domains at Let's Encrypt. And they will try to contact you with important news, should the need arise. So, make sure this is a real address that you monitor!
If you want to be registered and contacted different email address, specify it with the MDContactEmail directive, which is preferred.
As the last thing, add the following line somewhere in your configuration:
MDCertificateAgreement accepted
With this you state that you accept the Terms of Service by Let's Encrypt.
Scenario: you have checked the prerequisites and would like to add a new host that should be reachable via https:.
As in all How To chapters, we use mydomain.com as the domain name. Exchange this with the name you actually have. In the Apache config (or one file included from it), you add now:
MDomain mydomain.com
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName mydomain.com
SSLEngine on
DocumentRoot ...path-you-serve-here...
...
</VirtualHost>
and then you restart your server.
What did we do here? We made a host that answers on port 443 and we told mod_ssl that it should be active here. But we did not specify any certificates! If you look at examples for ssl in Apache on the web, there are always SSLCertificateFile and SSLCertificateKEyFile used. This is no longer necessary.
And while we left out parts of the SSL configurations that used to be necessary, we added one line of mod_md configuration: MDomain <name>. This is how you declare that a domain should be manged by mod_md.
The module will use this name to find all hosts that belong to it and take care of those. When mod_ssl does not find any certificates, because you did not configure any, it will ask mod_md: "Hey, do you know anything about mydomain.com?" And it will answer: "Sure, use these files here for the certificates!"
During start up, the module will see that there are no certificates yet for mydomain.com. It could contact Let's Encrypt right away and request one - but who knows how long that might take. In the meantime, your server will not become active and request will just time out. No good. Instead it creates a temporary certificate itself for mydomain.com and pass that on to mod_ssl. Everything starts up and your server is responsive.
Now, when you open https://mydomain.com/ in your browser now, it will complain because this temporary certificate cannot be trusted. If you tell it to ignore these security considerations (well, you should not), your server will answer every request to mydomain.com with a "503 Service Unavailable" message.
In the meantime, right after the Apache has started, mod_md will contact Let's Encrypt and request a certificate for your. This usually takes less than a minute. There are several ways to check the progress of this (see Monitoring for more), but for this first time you should maybe look into the server's error log.
If you find an entry there like:
[Date] [md:notice] [pid nnn] AH10059: The Managed Domain mydomain.com has been setup
and changes will be activated on next (graceful) server restart.
If this does not happen, something is not right and you should read here on how to analyze and fix problems. But assuming this worked, you now simply do a reload of the server and https://mydomain.com/ should work nicely and with a green lock in your browser. ("reload" is just a short name for a "graceful" restart, one that does not interrupt ongoing requests.)
Congratulations!
Scenario: you have a Host responding to http: requests, you have checked the prerequisites and would like to have that host reachable via https: as well.
As in all How To chapters, we use mydomain.com as the domain name. Exchange this with the name you actually have. In the Apache config you will have something like this already:
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName mydomain.com
DocumentRoot ...path-you-serve-here...
...
</VirtualHost>
This is the host that you already have. Now, make a copy of that, change the port and switch SSL on:
MDomain mydomain.com
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName mydomain.com
DocumentRoot ...path-you-serve-here...
...
</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName mydomain.com
SSLEngine on
DocumentRoot ...path-you-serve-here...
...
</VirtualHost>
Then you reload your Apache server. It will start up right away, as before, and your http://mydomain.com/ links will work as they used to. If you open https://mydomain.com/ in your browser, you will get a security warning. If you tell it to ignore that you will get a 503 Service Unavailable response.
What is happening? At start up, mod_md generated a self-signed certificate for the new https host to use and switch that host to 503 responses. This made sure that your server started without delay and that your other hosts could start working.
When Apache is done with start up, mod_md spins up a background thread that contacts LetsEncrypt and negotiates a certificate for mydomain.com. This usually takes a few seconds, but there are several things that may delay this: bad internet connectivity, maintenance at LetsEncrypt, problems with DNS resolutions somewhere, etc.
There are several ways to check the progress of this (see Monitoring for more), but for this first time you should maybe look into the server's error log.
If you find an entry there like:
[Date] [md:notice] [pid nnn] AH10059: The Managed Domain mydomain.com has been setup
and changes will be activated on next (graceful) server restart.
If this does not happen, something is not right and you should read here on how to analyze and fix problems. But assuming this worked, you now simply do a reload of the server and https://mydomain.com/ should work nicely and with a green lock in your browser. ("reload" is just a short name for a "graceful" restart, one that does not interrupt ongoing requests.)
Scenario: you have a Host responding to https: requests already that has valid certificates. You want this host to be managed by mod_md with certificates from LetsEncrypt. You have checked the prerequisites.
As in all How To chapters, we use mydomain.com as the domain name. Exchange this with the name you actually have. In the Apache config you will have something like this already:
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName mydomain.com
SSLEngine on
SSLCertificateFile /etc/mycertificates/mydomain-certs.pem
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/mycertificates/mydomain-key.pem
DocumentRoot ...path-you-serve-here...
...
</VirtualHost>
You add one line to this, maybe just before the VirtualHost:
MDomain mydomain.com
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName mydomain.com
SSLEngine on
SSLCertificateFile /etc/mycertificates/mydomain-certs.pem
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/mycertificates/mydomain-key.pem
DocumentRoot ...path-you-serve-here...
...
</VirtualHost>
and reload you Apache server. Your server will start up as before and https://mydomain.com will also work as before. If you look at the certificate in your browser, it will be the same as before - namely the one from /etc/mycertificates/mydomain-certs.pem.
In your error log, you will however find a new entry:
[Date] [ssl:warn] [pid nnn] Init: (mydomain.com) You configured certificate/key files on this host, but
it is covered by a Managed Domain. You need to remove these directives for the Managed Domain to take over.
In the meantime, mod_md is negotiating with LetsEncrypt for a new certificate for mydomain.com. There are several ways to check the progress of this (see Monitoring for more), but for this first time you should maybe look into the server's error log. If you find an entry there like:
[Date] [md:notice] [pid nnn] AH10059: The Managed Domain mydomain.com has been setup
and changes will be activated on next (graceful) server restart.
(If this does not happen, something is not right and you should read here on how to analyze and fix problems.)
Now remove SSLCertificateFile and SSLCertificateKeyFile from your host. It should look now like this:
MDomain mydomain.com
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName mydomain.com
SSLEngine on
DocumentRoot ...path-you-serve-here...
...
</VirtualHost>
Reload you Apache. Open https://mydomain.com in your browser. It should have a green lock and a certificate from Lets Encrypt now.
In all examples so far, we used just ServerName in every VirtualHost. Our Managed Domains just had a single name.
It is very common to have more than one name and use ServerAlias to add them. A more typical host looks like this:
MDomain mydomain.com
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName mydomain.com
ServerAlias www.mydomain.com
...
</VirtualHost>
mod_md automatically looks at all domain names in hosts. You do not have to specify that. It will see www.mydomain.com and get a certificate that covers both names. It also works the other way around:
MDomain mydomain.com
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName www.mydomain.com
ServerAlias mydomain.com
...
</VirtualHost>
In general, it is good practise to use the shorter name in MDomain. It does not matter if that appears in ServerName or ServerAlias.
This check is done every time you start or reload Apache. If you add a name to your host, as in:
MDomain mydomain.com
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName www.mydomain.com
ServerAlias mydomain.com
ServerAlias forum.mydomain.com
...
</VirtualHost>
mod_md will detect that the existing certificate does not cover forum.mydomain.com and contact LetsEncrypt to get a new one.
Should you remove a name from a host, it will also see that. But since the existing certificate is still valid for all the names that are there, it will not renew the certificate. But when renewal is due anyway, it will use the new, shorter list of names.
One more advice: if you remove the name that you use in MDomain from a host, the host is no longer found. While there are ways to tricks around this, it is not recommended to go that direction. That is why using the shortest name is best in most cases.
If you start a new domain nowadays, you probably only make it available via https:. But if you have been around for longer, your http: links maybe in use by many sites and you want to continue supporting those. However, since http: answers are being monitored and tampered with, you most likely want to redirect those to you https: equivalents.
There is, for example, mod_rewrite, which you can use for this. But mod_md also offers a directive:
MDRequireHttps temporary
which answers http: requests to a Managed Domain with a 302 Temporary Redirect to the https: one (same path and query).
The code 302 means that clients should continue asking for the original http: resource. So, should you change your mind, no harm is done. But if it all works out, your server should send clients a 301 Redirect which instruct clients to always use the https: link and forget the other. As you might have guessed, you do this with:
MDRequireHttps permanent
This setting has another side effect: responses to https: requests are also marked as permanent. This uses the HTTP header Strict-Transport-Security to let clients know that they should never (e.g. for the next 6 months) talk http: to this domain. If they see a http: link, they will convert that to https: right away.
In the previous howto, the support for http: links was addressed. Important for people who want to migrated existing sites to https:. But not having http: at all poses its own challenges. This happens, for example, when providers switch port 80 off for security reasons.
When your server negotiates a certificate with Let's Encrypt, this can be done in 3 different ways:
- using the
http:protocol (port 80) - using the
tlsprotocol withALPN(thespart ofhttps:) (port 443) - using the
DNS
This is true for all Let's Encrypt clients: certbot, acme.sh, mod_md, etc.
Assuming you do not have a DNS setup working, and your port 80 is blocked, this leaves only port 443. Let's Encrypt will open a connection to your server on this port and indicate that it wants to talk a very specific protocol named acme-tls/1. It then expects a very specific answer from the server.
For this to work with your Apache, you need to enable this protocol using the Protocols directive. See TLS ALPN Challenges for details.
The feedback from people using mod_md has been very positive, especially about the simplicity of the configuration. (However some people do not like this and seem to prefer more explicit configs. You can't please everyone.) Some people run into problems. Maybe there is a bug in mod_md. Maybe they have a networking setup that requires some special configurations, because the defaults just do not suffice.
And then there are, of course, things that break. E.g. your internet becoming partially unavailable. Google/AWS outages, etc.
In the presence of always-possible, temporary disasters, auto-renewing your server certificates in time is helpful. mod_md will renew certificates when a third of their lifetime is left. Since Let's Encrypt issues certificates valid for 90 days, such certificates are renewed 30 days in advance.
Besides the Apache error logs, where 'mod_md' also logs problems, there are two ways to monitor your Managed Domains: server-status and md-status. See the chapter about Monitoring for more details.
The best place on the net to check/discuss problems with Let's Encrypt is community.letsencrypt.org. Very helpful.
Your Apache server reports that it has problems contacting Let's Encrypt. The problems can be
- unable to connect: you should check if Let's Encrypt is reachable at all for you. The default
MDCertificateAuthorityis https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory and you should check if it answers. If it does, check if it answers also on the machine that your Apache runs on. Some server installations block outgoing connections. Maybe your server needs to use a HTTP proxy? See MDHttpProxy in that case. - unexpected status:
mod_mdgot a response, but with an unexpected status code. For example:503: this would indicate that Let's Encrypt does maintenance on their servers. This should go away after a short while.- other
5xx: category should not happen. This points to an error in the LE software. Check the community. 4xxcodes: LE thinks thatmod_mdhas sent an invalid request. Check the currentmod_mdgithub for fixes. Check the community, if the issue is known. Or open a new issue at the github repository.
- failure to parse the response: the only known case of this is when people configured their own
MDCertificateAuthorityand entered a wrong URL. - error in parsed response: in some cases, Lets Encrypt answers with an error document. This describes what went wrong from its perspective. For example, it could answer that it was unable to contact your server. Have a closer look at the description. Maybe something is wrong with your incoming setup.
There are different areas where problems with incoming connections to your Apache can appear:
mod_mddoes not understand your network setup and complains. A common cause is that your server is behind a port mapper (internet modem, firewall) and does not listen to ports 80 and 443. Instead, it listens to - for example - 8000 and 8001. Use the directive MDPortMap to tell the module where http/https request will arrive.mod_mdthinks it understands your network, but reality is far from it. For example, your Apache listens on port 80, but this port is not reachable from the internet. Maybe you use it just locally.mod_mdmight tell Let's Encrypt to use port 80, but that will then never succeed. In this case, configureMDPortMap 80:-to disable it for mod_md.- Let's Encrypt is unable to reach your server, using one of the Managed domain names. You must understand that if your host has a variety of names (using
ServerAlias), Let's Encrypt will need to verify all of them. If you use aliases that only resolve in your local network, you need to split yourVirtualHostfor that. In doubt, check that all domains of yours will reach your server - from the internet. Maybe a DNS record has the wrong address?
Sometimes, mod_md will not be able to get/renew a certificate because it cannot detect a suitable challenge method for LetsEncrypt.
The most common cause is that you request a wildcard certificate, e.g. *.mydomain.com but do not have MDChallengeDns01 configured. Let's Encrypt offers only DNS challenges for wildcard certificate. There is no choice. If your server is not able/configured to answer those, it will not work.
Another cause: if your server is not reachable on port 80 and you have not configured acme-tls/1 (see TLS ALPN Challenges for details). Again, mod_md is not able to select a challenge for Let's Encrypt to perform.
Read the chapter about ports for more information about what is going on and what you can do.
A feature we did not cover so far: you can specify more than one name in MDomain:
MDomain mydomain.com another.org
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName mydomain.com
...
</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName another.org
ServerAlias www.another.org
...
</VirtualHost>
This will treat both hosts as belonging to the same Managed Domain. One certificate will be requested from Let's Encrypt and that will cover both names and all connected aliases.
It depends on the domains and their use if this is a good approach or not. It might help browsers in using the same connection for both (browsers have sophisticated evaluation methods for this, it might not be as straightforward as your think). On the other hand, the more names in your certificate, the larger it is. Since it is sent to clients on every connection, there is overhead.
But, if it makes sense in your setup, this is how you do it with mod_md.
Certificates are not only used in web servers like Apache. Mail and IMAP servers also make good use of them. Let's Encrypt can make those too, with a little bit of additional config.
If you want a certificate for mail.mydomain.com you need to make sure that http: and/or https: requests for that domain from the internet arrive at your Apache. Maybe, you have a small setup where everything is on the same machine anyway, then there is nothing more to do. Should it be on another ip address, maybe port forwarding can help.
Let's say, you have solved this. You then configure:
MDomain mydomain.com mail.mydomain.com
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName mydomain.com
...
</VirtualHost>
The mail domain gets added to the Managed Domain, but it does not need to appear in any host. mod_md will get a certificate that covers both names.
Should you want a separate certificate for it, you can make a new MDomain, like:
MDomain mydomain.com
MDomain mail.mydomain.com
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName mydomain.com
...
</VirtualHost>
Apache will accept this configuration, but - as you will find out - will not request a certificate for the mail domain. What is happening?
mod_md sees that mail.mydomain.com is not used in any host. Therefore, there is no need to have a certificate for it. This is what the module calls the MDRenewMode and it is auto by default. If you change this to always, it will request certificates also for managed domain that appear not to be in use.
If you have more than one Managed Domain, you soon run into the situation where you want different settings for them. You can use <MDomain > to achieve this:
MDomain mydomain.com
<MDomain another.org>
MDRequireHttps permanent
</MDomain>
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName mydomain.com
...
</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName another.org
...
</VirtualHost>
This will switch on the permanent redirect to https: for another.org only. You can use this for most configuration directives of mod_md: authority url, drive mode, private keys, renew window and challenges.
mod_md stores all data as files underneath the md directory - or where ever you configured MDStoreDir to be. See File Storage for a description of this. If you backup this directory, you will have a copy of all your certificate and keys.
While this is nice, it is worth remembering that the master data is your Apache configuration. The rest is just created by it. This means, if you only restore this md directory and not the Apache configuration files, this will be pretty meaningless.
On the other hand, if you restore the configuration and not the md directory, your Apache will request all necessary certificates anew and, after a short while, you will be back to where you started. With different, but valid certificates nevertheless.
Therefore, in case of severe troubles, it is an option to throw away the md directory and make a restart (if you can live with the interruption of service, of course). You can also delete individual sub directories or even files, if you think there are problems lurking.
One thing to keep in mind, though, is that Let's Encrypt has a rate limit of 50 certificates per domain per week. If you do this too often, it may block requests for a while. But should you wish to experiment freely, try the staging environment as described in "Dipping the Toe".
A wildcard certificate is one like *.mydomain.com which is valid for all sub domain of mydomain.com. Let's Encrypt has special requirements for those and you need to do some extra lifting to make them work. See the chapter about MDChallengeDns01 for a description.
But do you need a wildcard certificate? Some common reasons are:
- Your Apache is a reverse proxy for a large number of domains. It terminates the TLS and forwards all requests to a backend, using a single configuration host.
- You need a certificate for a lot of domains, but it should be nevertheless small in size. A too large certificate may increase load times for your pages.
- You want to make it easy for a browser to reuse the same connection for other domains too. Maybe many domain pages have links to other sub domains and this speeds up loading.
- You have many hosts in your Apache and have used one wildcard certificate in the past, because it was the cheapest option with the least hassle.
It may now be less hassle to have individual Managed Domains with individual certificates. After all, mod_md gets them for you and watches expiry times, etc. But there are still good reasons for wildcards. Just consider it from the new, automated angle.
Since version v2.0.4 you can define Managed Domains for certificates that come from somewhere else. Before, you either configured mod_ssl or you had Let's Encrypt certificates via mod_md. Now you can mix. If you have a configuration like:
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName mydomain.com
SSLCertificateFile /etc/ssl/my.cert
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/ssl/my.key
...
</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName another.org
SSLCertificateFile /etc/ssl/my.cert
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/ssl/my.key
...
</VirtualHost>
You can change that to:
<MDomain mydomain.com another.org>
MDCertificateFile /etc/ssl/my.cert
MDCertificateKeyFile /etc/ssl/my.key
</MDomain>
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName mydomain.com
...
</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName another.org
...
</VirtualHost>
This not only saves you some copy&paste. It also makes all other features of mod_md available for these hosts. You can see it in server-status and md_status. You can manage redirects with MDRequireHttps. You can let them take part in the upcoming OCSP Stapling implementation.
Such a domain will not be renewed by mod_md - unless you configure MDRenewMode always for it. But even then, the files you configured will be used as long as you do not remove them from the configuration.
A feature new since version 2.3.0 is that you can have more than one certificate for a domain. Just configure more than one private key:
<MDomain mydomain.com>
MDPrivateKeys RSA secp256r1
</MDomain>
Such a configuration will obtain 2 certificates from your ACME CA (e.g. Let's Encrypt). Both
will be added to your https: hosts and the SSL library will choose the one best matching a
connecting client. Search the internet for ECDSA if you want to learn more about this kind of
cryptography, its advantages and restrictions.
The name secp256r1 stands for a specific variant in this ECDSA. mod_md places no
restriction on the names here, it passed them on to the SSL library which either knows them
or not. If you specify an unsupported key type, the renewal of certificates will fail with the
message that the type is unsupported.
Besides support in the SSL library, it is also important to note that the Certificate Authority,
i.e. Let's Encrypt, also needs to support it. A good example is secp192r1 which OpenSSL knows
but Let's Encrypt rejects.
To make it all the more confusing, there are possiblilties to parametrize these curves, but this
is left to mod_ssl and whatever configuration capabilities the SSL library has.
The certificates will be listed individually in the JSON data from md-status. The httpd server-status
will show aggregated information regarding valid and renewal times.
The renewal is triggered by the certificate that expires first. The renewal process will renew all certificates. For Let's Encrypt, this does not make a difference, since lifetimes for RSA and ECDSA certificates are handled the same. It is expected that other CA will do the same.
If you want to have Stapling for all your certificates in your Apache httpd, you have two options: either you use the SSLStapling provided by mod_ssl or the new one from mod_md. If you want to switch over to this implementation, you configure in your base server:
MDStapling on
and mod_md will manage all. This overrides any SSLStapling configuration. You can leave that on, but it will have no effect.
This is a bit of a bold approach, however. A more controlled rollout might be better. Read the next chapter on the options.
There are several variations possible here. You may try the new stapling on one of your managed domains only at first. Then your configure:
<MDomain mydomain.net>
MDStapling on
</MDomain>
Reload the server and the stapling will be enabled just for mydomain.org (change that name to whatever you dns name is, of course). When that works well, maybe you want to enable this for all your managed domains, but not for the virtualhosts where you still have your SSLCertificateFile... configured manually. Then you would write:
MDStapling on
MDStapleOthers off
These settings are global.
If you have Apache's server-statushandler enabled, you can open that page in your browser. With MDStapling on
there will be a new section, like:
Here you see all domains listed for which MDStapling is enabled. For most sites, there will be one certificate per domain, but it is possible to have more. Certificates are listed with their SHA1 fingerprint. The Status is the one reported by your Certificate Authority (the one listed under Responder). It is one of good, revoked or unknown.
Valid gives the times the OCSP information, not the certificate itself, are valid. If you hover, you get the exact timestamp. Before an OCSP answer times out, there will be an Activity to get an updated one. If something goes wrong, the last error encountered is also listed here.
All your certificates should have status good. If not, the Check link might help you further. It points to the page on https://crt.sh where that specific certificate is listed. This gives you a second opinion about your certificate. crt.sh is just on of the certificate monitors that are available. If you prefer using another, you can configure this via MDCertificateMonitor directive.
More detailled information about OCSP status/activities can also be retrieved from the md-status handler in JSON format (you need to enable that handler).
And last, but not least, a configured MDMessageCmd gets invoked whenever OCSP Stapling information is renewed or encounters errors. More in the description of that directive.
And why is Stapling important anway? A short introduction might help:
When one of your certificates is compromised, you'd like to revoke it. The whole world should no longer trust it. So you tell your Certificate Authority (CA) which gave it to you in the first place: "Make it go away again!". Turns out, this is rather difficult for the CA.
When the internet was young and the number of certificates was small, CAs used to publish Revocation Lists where all revoked certificates were listed. Clients were exepcted to download these lists regularly and no longer trust certificates on the list. As you can imagine, these just grew too large and cumbersome to use.
Then, online services were invented that allow a client to ask the CA: "Hey, I see this certificate of yours. Is it still good?". And this was much better as the question and the answer are quite short. This protocol is called OCSP and it uses HTTP as transport. It has zero configuration since the URL to send the request to is part of the certificate.
Since OCSP answers come with a valid lifetime, clients can cache them and do not have to ask the CA all the time. But still, when a client connects to a site for the first time (or after a while when any OCSP response has timed out), it needs to contact the CA. Browsers did not like this very much. It delays loading of web pages (they want to be the fastest!) and maybe the CA is unreachable at that moment. How long should it wait?
The next innovation was then Stapling where the browser does not have to contact the CA. Instead, the web server does it and sends the response to the client immediately on connect (well, during the SSL handshake). This scales much better, browsers were happy. Only, servers now had one responsibility more to care about.
To keep SSL connects as fast as they used to be, servers need a valid OCSP response at the ready. Always. Because not only browsers want to be fast, servers do care about that too! (I know, it's a shocker.)
Apache's first stapling implementation was done in mod_ssl, naturally. The basic strategy is:
- On a client connect, get the stapling response from the internal cache.
- If it is not in the cache or no longer valid, retrieve a new response from the CA
- Store the response in the cache and continue the connect.
This works. However, the first clients that connect will pay the penalty of waiting for the cache update. Same for clients that connect on a stale response. Small price to pay, you may think.
But should the OCSP responder of the CA be down or unreachable at that time, you will have a
long delay and eventually no response at all (there is a timeout). Which means that all
clients connecting to your site could experience this. And if clients take a missing response
as fatal, your whole site becomes unreachable (and they have to if you mark your certificates
with the must-staple extension).
On top of that, most examples of mod_ssl stapling configurations recommend a memory cache. This means that
all stapling responses are lost when you reload your server. Never reload when your CA is
down or unreachable? Hardly a manageable approach.
Learning from this, the implementation in mod_md takes a different approach:
- Start a task with
mod_watchdogthat monitors availability of Stapling data. - Retrieve missing data from the CA.
- Also retrieve new responses before existing ones become invalid.
- Store responses in the file system so they continue to be available after a server reload.
This prevents having client connections waiting. Either response data is there or not. Renewals of the data are continuously happening in the background. They are attempted when less than a third of the response lifetime are left (configurable). Let's Encrypt responses have a life time of several days, for example. This gives more than a day to get a new one.
Server reloads do not affect the state of this and can be done all the time.
That being said, it is a new implementation. There will be bugs lurking and it is probably good advice to switch from the old stapling in a controlled way. Start with some domains and see how it works for you.
First, since Stapling has become a vital function of a web server in the modern times of https:, it is
a good idea to phase in something new and allow for a mixed configuration.
Second, Apache has a strong focus on remaining backward compatible. Shipping a new stapling in a 2.4.x versions forbids that we disrupt your working configurations.
And third, the new implementation has new dependencies. mod_md requires mod_watchdog
and libcurl and libjansson. Shipping a mod_ssl with those needs in a 2.4.x release
would certainly upset some people.
This mod_md requires Apache 2.4.41 or newer.
Once Apache httpd is installed and runs, get a mod_md release and configure it. You basically need to give it the path to the apxs executable from your apache built.
mod_md > ./configure --with-apxs=<where-ever>/bin/apxs --enable-werror
mod_md > make
mod_md > make install
Then you need to add in your httpd.conf (or other config file) the line that loads the module:
LoadModule md_module modules/mod_md.so
and restart httpd.
@nono303 has builds available at his github repository.
You can also build your own mod_md on Windows. Requirements: APR/APR Util (as likely comes with your httpd distro), OpenSSL, Curl, Jansson, Apache HTTP Server, CMake installation, Visual Studio installation. The undermentioned example is intended for development and debugging. Production build should be done in the context of httpd build, exactly with the libraries your httpd uses.
mkdir build
cd build
vcvars64
cmake -G "NMake Makefiles"
-DOPENSSL_ROOT_DIR=C:/Users/Administrator/source/openssl/target/
-DCURL_LIBRARY=C:/Users/Administrator/source/curl-build/lib/libcurl_imp.lib
-DCURL_INCLUDE_DIR=C:/Users/Administrator/source/curl-build/include
-DAPACHE_ROOT_DIR=C:/Users/Administrator/source/Apache24/
-DAPR_ROOT_DIR=C:/Users/Administrator/source/Apache24/
-DAPRUTIL_ROOT_DIR=C:/Users/Administrator/source/Apache24/
-DJANSSON_ROOT_DIR=C:/Users/Administrator/source/jansson/build
-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release ..
nmake
dir modules\
mod_md.exp mod_md.lib mod_md.so* mod_md.so.manifest
Debian unstable includes the latest Apache httpd release. If you want a newer version of mod_md on top of it, it should be easy to build it with the instructions above.
The module has become part of Fedora 31.
Version 2-x status: unknown, see #124.
If you do not already build your Apache httdp yourself, you can get a prebuilt, current 2.4.x release via the PPA by @oerdnj, see here.
What you need to do to get the PPA installed is basically:
> sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ondrej/apache2
> sudo apt update
> sudo apt install -y apache2 apache2-dev build-essential autoconf make libtool libssl-dev libjansson-dev libcurl4-openssl-dev
Then you get a mod_md release and configure it:
mod_md > ./configure --with-apxs=/usr/bin/apxs --enable-werror
mod_md > make
mod_md > make install
Then you create two files in /etc/apache2/mods-available
md.load:-----------------------------------------------
LoadModule md_module /usr/lib/apache2/modules/mod_md.so
-snip--------------------------------------------------
md.conf------------------------------------------------
LogLevel md:info
-snip--------------------------------------------------
enable the module and restart:
> sudo a2enmod md
> sudo service apache2 restart
Version 2-x status: unknown, see #124.
Upgrading from mod_md v2.0.x to v2.2.x requires no action by you. The module will do any necessary data conversions and configuration settings have remaing compatible. Your domains should, after an upgrade, run as before without certificate being renewed - unless they are due for renewal anyway.
Downgrading is not supported. There is not guarantee that you can go back without any problems. When in doubt, make a backup of your mod_md store in the file system before upgrading.
Beginning of May 2019, Let's Encrypt announced their end-of-life plans for ACMEv1. Please read this carefully if you use their certificates.
The gist is:
- End of 2019, they will no longer allow new accounts to be created on ACMEv1
- Summer 2020, they will no longer allow new domains to sign up.
- Beginning of 2021, they will disrupt the service periodically to wake up people dragging their feet.
What does that mean for users of mod_md?
First of all, if you are on version 1.x, you need to upgrade to v2.x of the module. No upgrade will overwrite any of your existing, explicit configurations. The key word here is explicit: If you specify values in your configuration for MDCertificateAuthority, the module will use this as you wrote it.
If you have not configured this, version 2.x of mod_md will choose the ACMEv2 protocol with Let's Encrypt for all upcoming renewals! If you do not want this, you should configure MDCertificateAuthority yourself. You can now easily see, which configuration is used for your domains in the new monitoring features.
(There was some back-and-forth about the question, if the module should do this automatic switch-over. People with special network setups can be hurt by this. Maybe their servers need special configurations to reach the ACMEv2 host of Let's Encrypt. But for the vast majority of people, this migration should just work. And many people will not read this documentation anyway and only start googling when things stopped working. Knowing that things will come to a stop in 2021, it seems better to start the migration with a high chance of success than suppressing it with a certainty of failure.)
Apache has a standard module for monitoring mod_status. With v2.x mod_md contributes a section and makes monitoring your domains easy. A snippet from my own server looks like this:
A typical server-status snipplet:
You see all your MDs listed alphabetically, the domain names they contain, an overall status, expiration times and specific settings. The settings show your selection of renewal times (or the default), the CA that is used, etc.
The Renewal column will show activity and error descriptions for certificate renewals. This should make
life easier for people to find out if everything is all right or what went wrong.
If there is an error with an MD it will be shown here as well. This let's you assess problems without digging through your server logs.
There is also a new md-status handler available to give you the information from server-status in JSON format. You configure it as
<Location "/md-status">
SetHandler md-status
</Location>
on your server. As with server-status you will want to add authorization for this!
If you just want to check the JSON status of one domain, append that to your status url:
> curl https://<yourhost>/md-status/another-domain.org
{
"name": "another-domain.org",
"domains": [
"another-domain.org",
"www.another-domain.org"
],
...
Since version 2.0.5, this JSON status also shows a log of activities when domains are renewed:
...
{
"when": "Wed, 19 Jun 2019 14:45:58 GMT",
"type": "progress", "detail": "The certificate for the managed domain has been renewed successfully and can be used. A graceful server restart now is recommended."
},{
"when": "Wed, 19 Jun 2019 14:45:58 GMT",
"type": "progress", "detail": "Retrieving certificate chain for test-901-003-1560955549.org"
},{
"when": "Wed, 19 Jun 2019 14:45:58 GMT",
"type": "progress", "detail": "Waiting for finalized order to become valid"
},{
"when": "Wed, 19 Jun 2019 14:45:50 GMT",
"type": "progress", "detail": "Submitting CSR to CA for test-901-003-1560955549.org"
},
...
You will also find this information in the file job.json in your staging and, when activated, domains directory.
There is an experimental handler added by mod_md that gives information about current and upcoming certificates on a domain. You invoke it like this:
> curl https://eissing.org/.httpd/certificate-status
{
"rsa": {
"valid": {
"from": "Mon, 01 Apr 2019 06:47:43 GMT",
"until": "Sun, 30 Jun 2019 06:47:43 GMT"
},
"serial": "03D02EDA041CB95BF23B030C308FDE0B35B7",
"sha256-fingerprint" : "xx:yy:zz:..."
},
"P-256": {
...
}
}
This is information available to everyone already as part of your TLS connections, so this does not leak. Also, it does not show which other domains are on the server. It just allows an easier, scripted access.
When a new certificate has been obtained, but is not activated yet, this will show:
{
"rsa": {
"valid": {
"from": "Mon, 01 Apr 2019 06:47:43 GMT",
"until": "Sun, 30 Jun 2019 06:47:43 GMT"
},
"serial": "03D02EDA041CB95BF23B030C308FDE0B35B7",
"sha256-fingerprint" : "xx:yy:zz:..."
"renewal": {
"name": "example.net",
"finished": true,
"notified": false,
"last-run": "Thu, 02 May 2019 21:54:22 GMT",
"errors": 0,
"last": {
"status": 0,
"detail": "certificate status is GOOD, status valid Mon, 01 Apr 2019 06:47:43 GMT - Sun, 30 Jun 2019 06:47:43 GMT",
"activity": "status of certid xxyyzzqq, reading response"
}
},
"P-256": {
...
}
}
with renewal giving the properties of the new certificate, once it has been obtained. This can
be exposed publicly as well, since - once the server is reloaded, it is part of every TLS connection.
If mod_md is linked with an OpenSSL v1.1.x or higher, it also exposes certificate transparency information for the new certificate. This would look like this:
"renewal": {
...
"scts": [
{ "logid": "747eda8331ad331091219cce254f4270c2bffd5e422008c6373579e6107bcc56",
"signed": 'Fri, 31 May 2019 17:06:35 GMT',
"signature" : "<more hex>",
"signature-type" : "<algorithm name>"
}, {
...
}
]
These scts are signatures of Certificate Transparency Logs (CTLogs). The logid is the identifier
of the CTLog (source to identify the particular log are given here. The CTLog has a public key which allows verification of this signature. The purpose of this logging is explained in detail at the certificate transparency site.
In short, they allow anyone to monitor these CTLogs and detect certificates more easily that should not have been issued. For example, you own the domain mydomain.com and monitor the trusted CTLogs for certificates that contain domain names for your domain. Seeing such a new certificate, you can check your servers if they already use it, or have it in renewal. If neither is the case, the certificate was not requested by your server and maybe someone tricked a CA into creating it.
The module has defaults that let you use Let's Encrypt (LE) with the least effort possible. For most people, this is the best choice available. These guys do an amazing job!
There is one thing that Let's Encrypt requires from you: you need to accept their Terms of Service. mod_md needs to tell them that you accepted them, so you need to tell the module that you actually do! Add to you httpd configuration:
MDCertificateAgreement accepted
and you are ready to get certificates from Let's Encrypt.
mod_md talks to LE using a protocol name ACME (automated certificate management environment). This is, since March 2019, an internet standard as RFC 8555. This means is documented, stable and usable by everyone. It may be extended in the future, but this is the base set.
But, chicken and egg, LE was born before there was ACME and the protocol they initially designed is now referred to as ACMEv1 and the from RFC 8555 is named ACMEv2. Versions v1.1.x of mod_md used the former only, version 2.x now supports both.
While most users will not have to care about this, there is a feature only available in ACMEv2: wildcard domains. If your want a certificate that matches something like *.mydomain.net, you need to setup additional things, among them to use `ACMEv2``.
| CA | Protocol | dns names | dns wildcards | Challenges | Cert Life | Rate Limit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LE | ACMEv1 | yes | no | ports 80+443, DNS | 90 days | 50/domain/week |
| LE | ACMEv2 | yes | yes (dns-01) | ports 80+443, DNS | 90 days | 50/domain/week |
| Others? |
If you do not specify in mod_md which CA to use, the module will select ACMEv2. If you do not want this, you can enforce the older protocol for by:
MDCertificateAuthority https://acme-v01.api.letsencrypt.org/directory
You can also set this per domain:
<MDomain aaa.mydomain.net>
MDCertificateAuthority https://acme-v01.api.letsencrypt.org/directory
</MDomain
which ensure that, whatever you set globally, this domain will use ACMEv1 with LE. For more information about this migration, see upgrading.
Other Certificate Authorities start offering ACMEv2 now also, according to some press statements. However I do not have any experiences with those.
You have a virtual host defined like this:
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName www.your_domain.de
ServerAlias your_domain.de
Protocols h2 http/1.1
SSLEngine on
SSLCertificateFile /etc/mycerts/your_domain.de/fullchain.pem
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/mycerts/your_domain.de/privkey.pem
...
</VirtualHost>
then you could change it to this:
MDomain your_domain.de
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName www.your_domain.de
ServerAlias your_domain.de
Protocols h2 http/1.1 acme-tls/1
SSLEngine on
...
</VirtualHost>
The SSLCertificate* configurations are gone and you added a MDomain with a list of host names.
You can make 1 Managed Domain (MD) for several virtual hosts, like this:
MDomain your_domain.de your_other_domain.com even_more.org
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName your_domain.de
...
</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName your_other_domain.com
...
</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName even_more.org
...
</VirtualHost>
This obtains one certificate that carries all three domain names. If you have a hundred virtual hosts, you can make one MD for all of them, but
- the certificate will become large. Since it is sent to every browser on every connection, it becomes unnecessary traffic.
mod_mdmay become slow at a certain point
So, slice the domains you have into some meaningful groups and what the certificate sizes you get.
Some people, myself included, like to use these certificates also for their mail server. This is fine, since not all names in a MD are checked if they are actually used in a VirtualHost. Example:
MDomain your_domain.de www.your_domain.de mail.your_domain.de
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName www.your_domain.de
ServerAlias your_domain.de
SSLEngine on
...
</VirtualHost>
will obtain a certificate that is also valid for mail.your_domain.de even though your Apache will not serve any content for that.
Information on where to find the certificate files and other things, you can look up in the file storage.
During the lifetime of your domains, they will require changes. You will add new names, or remove some or even split an MD into several. mod_md will follow these changes and check, if they require new certificates or can live with the existing ones.
Keep in mind: if you do not mind a few minutes of downtime, you can always wipe everything by mod_md from your file system and start anew. There are reasonable limits on how often in the same week Let's Encrypt lets you do this. But it is always an option should you desire a radical redesign of your domains/virtualhost configurations.
When you have a MD with several names and remove one, mod_md will detect that. However, if it already has a certificate covering the old name list, it will do nothing. The certificate is still valid for the new, shorter list, so why bother.
It is good practise to use the shortest domain as the first one in an MD, since this will be used as the overall name of the MD on the first setup. If you later remove this first domain, the name of the MD will stay. This may then become confusing later on. For example if you then add the domain to another MD or start a new one with it, it is not clear what outcome you expect. mod_md will find a solution, however it might then need to renew more certificates then you wanted.
When you add a name to an existing MD, the module will try to get a new certificate for it. No matter if the old one is still valid.
If you move a name from one MD to another, it will handle this. If you move many names from one MD to another, it should also cope with it. The result is predictable when you keep the first name, I am not certain if it is fully deterministic if the first name is among them.
When in doubt, make a copy of the file system store first. Which you should anyway have in your backups, right?
When you remove a complete MD, the module will not wipe its certificates and keys. So, when you add it again (maybe it was a mistake), it will find and use them again.
This is a collection of advice how to use mod_md to migrate your current http: site to https:. You should consider this as a site owner because:
- It gives visitors better privacy. What you might consider non-controversial content might put people in other countries in jail.
- It assures greatly that your visitors see the pages as you want them to. Not only does this prevent certain censorship. It also prevents alterations by companies inserting their ads into your site, making them money. An last, but not least, it hinders spreading of malware on the internet.
I assume your Apache configuration already uses one or more VirtualHosts for "name-based" document serving. We look at one VirtualHost
and discuss some options to migrate it to https:.
Listen 80
# stuff provided by your default installation
Include global-and-module-stuff.conf
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName www.mydomain.com
DocumentRoot "mydomain/htdocs"
...
</VirtualHost>
Which serves files (or whatever additionally you have configured) from the directory $ServerRoot/mydomain/htdocs when a browser opens http://mydomain/ links.
When you enable mod_md, mod_ssl and mod_watchdog in your server, you can change this to the following setup:
Listen 80
Listen 443
# stuff provided by your default installation
Include global-and-module-stuff.conf
MDomain www.mydomain.com
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName www.mydomain.com
DocumentRoot "mydomain/htdocs"
...
</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName www.mydomain.com
DocumentRoot "mydomain/htdocs"
SSLEngine on
...
</VirtualHost>
If you open links like https://mydomain/ right away, your browser might show you an error. This happens because it takes some short amount of time to contact Let's Encrypt and get a certificate from them that your browser trusts. After that succeeded, you will need to reload your server (mod_md tells you in the server log when this is necessary).
Assume that this worked (and if not, check how to fix problems to find out what to do), you now see your site with https: the same as with http:. If your browser still has some concerns, the reasons for that may be
- Your default settings for
mod_sslare not considered good enough by the browser - Your
https:page still contains links/images which start withhttp:. Which could be corrupted by someone, so your browser does not consider this safe. It wants all resources to come viahttps:.
The first concern you can address by telling mod_ssl to apply higher security standards. There are tons of example out there how to do that and even a nice secure configuration generator by Mozilla.
The second cause for browser concerns are remaining http: resources included in your site. That cannot be altered by configuration changes. You need to look at your html files and change links starting with http://mydomain/something into just /something. If you html is generated by an app, you'd need to check the documentation of that one on how to fix it.
Assuming you did all this, your browser is happy with https:mydomain/, you can bring all your visitors to the secure site automatically by adding:
MDRequireHttps temporary
to the configuration and all browser that look for resources on http:mydomain/ will get redirected to https:mydomain/. They will still remember the http: links and, should you decide to go back and disable the migration again, no harm will be done. But if it all works out and you are committed, it is better to tell visitors that this change is permanent:
MDRequireHttps permanent
This gives users better performance and improved security as they start using https: links only.
When Let's Encrypt (LE) needs to verify that you are really who you claim to be, their servers contact your server.
They open a connection to you. And they open it on port 80 for �http-01� challenges and on port 443 for tls-alpn-01 challenges (and they ask your DNS server for dns-01 challenges).
When a certificate is being renewed, LE gives your Apache a menu of choices. For most certificates, it offers all 3 challenge methods. However, if you ask for a wildcard certificate, it will offer only dns-01. It is then the task of mod_md to choose one.
In order to select a challenge type, mod_md needs to figure out which types will work with your Apache. Each
challenge type has its own prerequisites. If your server is standing in the wild, open internet, this is relatively easy:
http-01works if your server listens on port 80.tls-alpn-01works if your server listens on port 443,SSLEngineisonandProtocolscontainsacme-tls/1(relatively)dns-01works if you have configured aMDChallengeDns01command and know what you do.
So, if LE offers only A and B type challenges and both do not meet the requirements, mod_md will give up and report an error on renewal.
However, its analysis may be faulty! Your server is unlikely to run naked in the internet. Firewalls will most likely be involved. Some people use these (and other things) to do port mapping.
For example, the firewall might forward all incoming connections to port 80 to the port 8888 of your Apache. In this case, mod_md should look for port 8888 instead of 80. The configuration for this is:
MDPortMap http:8888 # http: connections from LE arrive at port 8888
Another example is that your firewall blocks port 80. No http: connections can be made from the internet to your server. Your Apache might listen on port 80, but you use it only for access from your local network. In such a setup, you configure:
MDPortMap http:- # http: connections from LE do not arrive at all
The same is possible for https: connections.
And yet, things can even get more interesting. One may configure a server with more than one IP address and have VirtualHosts that listen only to one. Some domains might be reachable from LE via http: and some might not. In such highly specific setups, admins need to directly configure which challenges to use:
<MDomain abc.com>
MDCAChallenges http-01
</MDomain>
<MDomain xyz.com>
MDCAChallenges tls-alpn-01
</MDomain>
If challenges are directly configured this way, mod_md will no longer guess and use the one given. You may still configure a range of challenges in order of preference:
<MDomain abc.com>
MDCAChallenges tls-alpn-01 http-01
</MDomain>
Meaning, if offered by LE, tls-alpn-01 will be selected, otherwise http-01. (And when that was also not offered, the process will fail.)
You can also use such a configuration for all your managed domains in a global setting:
MDCAChallenges tls-alpn-01
MDomain abc.com
MDomain xyz.com
In other words, all your domains should use tls-alpn-01 for certicate renewal. And no checks please, as you know what you are doing.
Port 443 (see ports is the one required for the challenge type tls-alpn-01.
This ACME challenge type is designed to fix the weaknesses of the former tls-sni-01 challenge type that is no longer available. Let's Encrypt will open a TLS connection to your Apache domain for the protocol named acme-tls/1.
This protocol string is send in the application layer protocol names (ALPN) extensions of SSL.
The protocols an Apache server allows are configured with the Protocols directive. It has as default http/1.1, but if you already run the HTTP/2 protocol, you will have added h2. Now, for your server to answer the new ACMEv2 challenges, you would then add it simply:
Protocols h2 http/1.1 acme-tls/1
Then, the new challenge type is usable.
See the documentation of MDChallengeDns01 for a description on how to get them.
If you do not want to dive head first into the world of mod_md - fair enough. Take an unimportant domain of yours and make a test of the temperature, see if you like it.
As described in Simple Usage, configure this domain and see if it works for you. Maybe you have a very peculiar server setup where not all defaults fit. Maybe you need to configure outgoing proxies. Or you sit behind a port mapper. Or you want to develop and test your DNS script for wildcards. Whatever.
What is helpful in such tests is to configure another endpoint at Let's Encrypt. This will not result in certificates that are recognized by browsers, but it helps in verifying the the process works. If it does, simply switch to the real ACME endpoints and get the valid certificates then.
The real ACME endpoints of Let's Encrypt have a rate limit of 50 certificates per domain per week. And this counts all sub-domins as well. So, aaa.mydomain.net and bbb.mydomain.net are part of the same limit counter. When you test your setup or debug your DNS script, you can easily run into this limit.
Just configure:
<MDomain test.mydomain.net>
MDCertificateAuthority https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory
</MDomain>
and your requests go against LE's staging environment that is exactly there for these tests.
mod_md stores all data about your managed domains, as well as the certificates and keys in the file system. If you administrate an Apache httpd server (and why else would you be reading this), it's good to know where things are.
By default, mod_md creates a sub directory inside ServerRoot named md. On a typical Ubuntu installation, this would be /etc/apache2/md. Inside, you'll find the following:
md-+--
+- accounts # ACME account information, one subdir/account
+- archive # copies of older domain data
+- challenges # temporary files for answering ACME challenges
+- domains # one subdir per MD, contains keys and certificates
+- fallback-privkey.pem # key used when no valid certificate is available
+- fallback-cert.pem # certificate used as long as no other is available
+- httpd.json # properties of the server, e.g. which ports it listens on
+- md_store.json # SECRET for private key protection, store version info
+- staging # MD information during certificate process
+- tmp # temporary holding place when activating staging info
When you look inside domains you see files like:
md/domains/your_domain.de
+- md.json # all info about the managed domain itself
+- pubcert.pem # the certificate, plus the 'chain', e.g. all intermediate ones
+- privkey.pem # the private key, unencrypted
+- job.json # details and log of the last renewal
All these files belong to the user that starts your server and, on most platforms, are only read/writable by that user. On Ubuntu, this is root. Since you probably heard that the internet is a dangerous place, the Apache httpd will switch to another user for its traffic serving processes. So, when something bad comes in, it can also use privileges from that user, not root.
mod_md also runs inside those less privileged processes when it talks to outside servers (e.g. Let's Encrypt). That is why certain directories and files get special permissions. Again, on Ubuntu, the lesser user is called www-data and listings from a md store look like the following:
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Aug 2 15:42 accounts
drwx------ 12 root root 4096 Aug 3 12:23 archive
drwxr-xr-x 2 www-data root 4096 Aug 2 17:02 challenges
drwx------ 4 root root 4096 Aug 3 12:23 domains
-rw------- 1 root root 56 Aug 3 12:35 httpd.json
-rw------- 1 root root 105 Jul 22 11:16 md_store.json
drwxr-xr-x 3 www-data root 4096 Aug 3 12:36 staging
drwx------ 2 root root 4096 Aug 3 12:23 tmp
if you are familiar with ls, you can see that challenges and staging belong to user www-data while all other files and directories belong to root. A mix is accounts that stays writable only for root but lets everyone else read.
While talking to the ACME servers mod_md needs to read account data and write challenge data (challenges) and, finally, keys and certificates (staging).
When it has finished and the server is restarted, mod_md checks if there is a complete set of data in staging, reads that data, stores it in tmp and, if it all worked, makes a rename switcheroo with domains and archive. It then deletes the subdir in staging.
Should you ever find out that there was a mistake, you can find the old directories of your managed domains underneath archive. Just remove the wrong one, copy the archived version to domains/your_domain.de (or whatever your domain is called) and restart the server again.
The unencrypted private keys (the files named privkey.pem) are inside the directory domains and are only readable by root. The ACME account keys, however, are readable by everyone. But that is ok, since the account keys are stored encrypted (for experts: AES_256_CBC with a 48 byte key). And also the keys stored in staging are encrypted.
The 48 bytes key to decrypt these is stored in the file md_store.json which is created when mod_md initializes the store. You do not want to lose that file! If you lose it, all the certificates you have in your store become useless - even the archived ones.
Which is maybe not as bad as it sounds, since mod_md will just start all the ACME sign-ups again and get you new ones. However ACME servers have a rate limit and if you sign up too often, the requests get denied. Be warned.
The whole file ownership and permission flags thing does not apply to Windows. According to my incomplete understanding, you have specific service users and define ACLs for them in the right places...but I honestly do not know.
Short: if some Windows admin has recommendations how Windows Apache installations should be tweaked for mod_md storage, please write it here or on a blog somewhere.
Not a problem. You can specify the complete path where your MD store should be located, simple use:
MDStoreDir /path/to/where/you/want
If you move it, change the config first, then move the directory, then restart the server right after.
This used to be a configuration setting that gave people headaches sometimes. It required you to specify the URL from Let's Encrypt for their current Terms of Service document. This broke easily after they updated it, which rendered all existing documentation that mention the link inoperable. This was in ACMEv1.
In ACMEv2, they only require that you POST to them a bit meaning 'I accept the ToS'. I retrofitted that to the ACMEv1 use as well and now you configure in Apache:
MDCertificateAgreement accepted
and it will do the right thing.
The consistency of parameters for a Managed Domain is now checked additionally once at server startup. This will immediately show problems on the status page which formerly where only detected when renewal was attempted.
All parameters of ongoing renewal jobs are persisted in between attempts. This allows mod_md to pick up
where it was even when you restarted the server.
While mod_md will never stall your server startup - it does renewals afterwards - there were some double checks by mod_md in v1.1.x which are now eliminated. If you have many domains, this might be noticeable.
- MDomain
- <MDomainSet>
- MDCAChallenges
- MDCertificateAgreement
- MDCertificateAuthority
- MDCertificateFile
- MDCertificateKeyFile
- MDCertificateMonitor
- MDCertificateProtocol
- MDCertificateStatus
- MDChallengeDns01
- MDRenewMode
- MDMember
- MDMembers
- MDNotifyCmd
- MDMessageCmd
- MDPortMap
- MDPrivateKeys
- MDHttpProxy
- MDRenewWindow
- MDWarnWindow
- MDServerStatus
- MDStapling
- MDStapleOthers
- MDStaplingKeepResponse
- MDStaplingRenewWIndow
- MDStoreDir
Define list of domain names that belong to one group
MDomain dns-name [ other-dns-name... ]
Can be repeated multiple times. All dns-names listed in a MDomain will be Subject Alternative Names in the certificate.
Container for directives applied to the same managed domains
<MDomainSet dns-name [ other-dns-name... ]>...</MDomainSet>
All the configuration settings discussed should be done in the global server configuration. But you can still make settings specific to a particular Managed Domain:
<MDomainSet example.org>
MDMember www.example.org
MDRenewMode manual
MDCertificateAuthority https://someotherca.com/ACME
</MDomainSet>
This allows you to have one domain from Let's Encrypt and a second from some other provider. Or also Let's Encrypt, but using another protocol (version).
Since version 2.0.4, you can also use the shorter <MDomain name> variant. The example would then be:
<MDomain example.org>
MDMember www.example.org
MDRenewMode manual
MDCertificateAuthority https://someotherca.com/ACME
</MDomain>
Type of ACME challenge
MDCAChallenges name [ name ... ]
Default: (auto selected))
Supported by the module are the challenge methods tls-alpn-01, http-01 and dns-01. The module
will look at the overall configuation of the server to find out which method can be used - in this order.
If the server listens on port 80, for example, the http-01 method is available. The prerequisite for dns-01
is a configured MDChallengeDns01 command. tls-alpn-01 needs https: connections and the
acme-tls/1 protocol (see here).
This auto selection works for most setups. But since Apache is a very powerful server with
many configuration options, the situation is not clear for all possible cases. For example: it may
listen on multiple IP addresses where some are reachable on https: and some not.
If you configure MDCAChallenges directly, this auto selection is disabled. Instead, the module will
use the configured challenge list when talking to the ACME server (a challenge type must be offered
by the server as well). This challenges are examined in the order specified.
When you use mod_md you become a customer of the CA (e.g. Let's Encrypt) and that means you need to read and agree to their Terms of Service, so that you understand what they offer and what they might exclude or require from you. It's a legal thing.
For your convenience, you can tell mod_md that it should tell the CA that you agree. You do that by configuring:
MDCertificateAgreement accepted
In case of Let's Encrypt, their current Terms of Service are here.
The URL of the ACME CA service
MDCertificateAuthority url
Default: https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory
The URL where the CA offers its service.
The protocol to use with the CA
MDCertificateProtocol protocol
Default: ACME
Currently only ACME (LetsEncrypt) is implemented.
MDChallengeDns01 <path to executable>
Default: none
Wildcard certificates are possible with version 2.x of mod_md. But they are not straight-forward. Let's Encrypt requires the dns-01 challenge verification for those. No other is considered good enough.
When you configure a program to be called for these challenges, you may obtain them using mod_md.
The program is given the argument setup or teardown followed by the domain name.
For setup the challenge content is additionally given.
The difficulty here is that Apache cannot do that on its own. (which is also a security benefit, since corrupting a web server or the communication path to it is the scenario dns-01 protects against). As the name implies, dns-01 requires you to show some specific DNS records for your domain that contain some challenge data. So you need to write your domain's DNS records
If you know how to do that, you can integrated this with mod_md. Let's say you have a script for that in /usr/bin/acme-setup-dns you configure Apache with:
MDChallengeDns01 /usr/bin/acme-setup-dns
and Apache will call this script when it needs to setup/teardown a DNS challenge record for a domain.
Assuming you want a certificate for *.mydomain.com, mod_md will call:
/usr/bin/acme-setup-dns setup mydomain.com challenge-data
# this needs to remove all existing DNS TXT records for
# _acme-challenge.mydomain.com and create a new one with
# content "challenge-data"
and afterwards it will call
/usr/bin/acme-setup-dns teardown mydomain.com
# this needs to remove all existing DNS TXT records for
# _acme-challenge.mydomain.com
A static certificate (chain) file for the MDomain
MDCertificateFile path-of-the-file
Default: none
This is the companion to mod_ssl's SSLCertficateFile. It behaves exactly the same as this path is handed over to mod_ssl for all VirtualHost definitions that are part of the MDomain. It can only by set for a specific MDomain. A typical configuration is:
<MDomain mydomain.com>
MDCertificateFile /etc/ssl/mydomain.com.cert
MDCertificateKeyFile /etc/ssl/mydomain.com.pkey
</MDomain>
This allows you to define Managed Domains independent of Let's Encrypt. This gives you the monitoring and status reporting of mod_md and things like MDRequireHttps when your certificate comes from somewhere else.
MDRenewMode auto (the default) will not cause renewal attempts for such managed domains.
Both files for certificate and key need to be defined.
A static private key file for the MDomain
MDCertificateKeyFile path-of-the-file
Default: none
This is the companion to mod_ssl's SSLCertficateKeyFile. See MDCertificateFile for details on how it can be used to managed domains.
Additional hostname for the managed domain
MDMember hostname
Alternative to MDomain
Controls if ServerAlias name are automatically added
MDMembers auto|manual
Default: auto
Defines if ServerName and ServerAlias names of a VirtualHost are automatically added to the members of a Managed Domain or not.
MDMustStaple on|off
Default: off
Defines if newly requested certificate should have the OCSP Must Staple flag set or not. If a certificate has this flag, the server is required to send a OCSP stapling response to every client. This only works if you configure mod_ssl to generate this (see SSLUseStapling and friends).
MDNotifyCmd <path to executable>
Default: none
Define a program to be called when the certificate of a Managed Domain has been obtained/renewed. The program is called for each MD that has been processed successfully. The program should return 0 to indicate that the notification has been handled successfully, otherwise it is called again at a later point in time until it does.
MDMessageCmd <path to executable> <optional-args>
Default: none
Define a program to be called when something happened concerning a managed domain. The program is given the optional-args, reason and the name of the MD as arguments. The program should return 0 to indicate that the message has been handled successfully. The reasons for which it may be called are:
renewing: event triggered before starting renew process for the managed domain. Should the command return != 0 for this reason, renew will be repeated on next cycle.renewed: the certificate for the managed domain has been renewed successfully. Should the command return != 0 for this reason, it will be called repeatedly until it does.installed: the certificate for the managed domain has been installed at server startup/reload and is now used. Different to all other messages, this one is invoked while the server is still root and has according privileges. (Hint: you may use this to copy a certificate+key to another application's preferred location/format.)expiring: will warn about an expiring domain that could not be renewed (or where renewal is not performed bymod_mditself). SeeMDWarnWindowon how to configure its timing.errored: errors were encountered during certificate renewal.mod_mdwill continue trying.ocsp-renewed: when MDStapling is enabled for a domain, this indicates that an OCSP response from the Certificate Authority has been updated successfully.ocsp-errored: when MDStapling is enabled for a domain, this indicates that an error was encountered retrieveing the OCSP response from the Certificate Authority.mod_mdwill continue trying.
The reason and domain arguments are provided after any optional arguments; that is, they are currently the last two arguments. Your program should recognize your optional arguments since a future mod_md might add additional arguments after domain.
The calls are rate limited. The successful renewal will only be called once, errrors will triggers this only once per hour. The warning on an expiring certificate will run only once per day.
If you have configured:
MDMessageCmd /etc/apache/md-message fred
and the Managed Domain mydomain.com was renewed, the program will be called with:
/etc/apache/md-message fred renewed mydomain.com
The program should not block, as mod_md will wait for it to finish. If the program wants more information, you could configure the md-status handler that hands out MD information in JSON format. See the chapter about monitoring for more details.
Map external to internal ports
MDPortMap map1 [ map2 ]
Default: http:80 https:443
With MDPortMap you can clarify on which local port http and https request arrive - should your server set behind a port mapper, such as an internet modem or a firewall.
If you use - for the local port, it indicates that this protocol is not available from the internet. For example, your Apache might listen to port 80, but your firewall might block it. mod_md needs to know this because it means that Let's Encrypt cannot send http: requests to your server.
Control type and size of keys
MDPrivateKeys type [ params... ]
Default: 'RSA 2048'
Supports RSA with an optional param for the key length in all versions. For example, use RSA 4096 for 4k keys.
Since version 2.3.0, you can also specify elliptic curves for ECDSA keys. Examples of such curves are P-384 and P-256 (also known as secp384r1 and secp256r1). And there are others. These key types can only
work if the ACME CA (Let's Encrypt) supports them. And browsers as well - or whatever clients you wish to
serve.
To support new and older clients, you can have multiple certificates, using different keys. Specify for example
MDPrivateKeys RSA secp384r1
to have one RSA and one ECDSA key+certificate for you domains and the SSL library will use the one best matching your client's capabilities.
The URL of the http-proxy to use
MDHttpProxy url
Use a proxy (on url) to connect to the MDCertificateAuthority url. Use if your webserver has no outbound connectivity in combination with your forward proxy.
Controls when mod_md will try to obtain/renew certificates
MDRenewMode always|auto|manual
Default: auto
This controls how mod_md goes about renewing certificates for Managed Domains. The default is:
MDRenewMode auto
where, unsurprisingly, mod_md will get a new certificate when needed. For a Managed Domain used in a VirtualHost this means a good chunk of time before the existing certificate expires. How early that is can be configured with MDRenewWindow.
If a Managed Domain is not used by any VirtualHost, the auto mode will not renew certificates. The same is true if the Managed Domain has a static certificate file via MDCertificateFile.
If you want renewal for such Managed Domains, you should set their renewal mode to always.
Also, when setting renew mode to manual you can disable the renewal by mod_md.
(Note: auto renew mode requires mod_watchdog to be active in your server.)
(Note: this was called MDDriveMode in earlier versions and that name is still available to not break existing configurations.)
Control when the certificate will be renewed
MDRenewWindow duration
Default: 33%
If the validity of the certificate falls below duration, mod_md will get a new signed certificate.
Normally, certificates are valid for around 90 days and mod_md will renew them the earliest 33% of their complete lifetime before they expire (so for 90 days validity, 30 days before it expires). If you think this is not what you need, you can specify either the exact time, as in:
MDRenewWindow 21d
or as in
MDRenewWindow 30s
but 30 seconds might be cutting things a little close.
Or you may specify another percentage:
MDRenewWindow 10%
Control when to warn about an expiring certificate
MDWarnWindow duration
Default: 10%
Similar to MDRenewWindow this directive defines when you want to be warned about the expiry of a domain's certificate. This will invoke the MDMessageCmd with reason expiring.
When in auto drive mode, the module will check every 12 hours at least what the status of the managed domains is and if it needs to do something. On errors, for example when the CA is unreachable, it will initially retry after some seconds. Should that continue to fail, it will back off to a maximum interval of hourly checks.
It will contact no outside server at startup! All driving is done when the server is running and serving traffic. There is nothing that delays the startup/restart of your httpd.
If a Managed Domain does not have all information, it will answer all requests with a 503 Service Unavailable - assuming your client even wants to talk to it (it might fall back to another vhost TLS definition, depending how your server is setup).
Expired certificates will continue being used until a replacement is available. So, when your server clock freaks out, nothing gets thrown away automatically. Also, speaking of throwing things away: mod_md keeps a copy of previous certificates/keys when it renews a domain. You have those files as part of your backups, right?
This is a directive to ease http: to https: migration of your Managed Domains. With
MDRequireHttps temporary
you announce that you want all traffic via http: URLs to be redirected to the https: ones, for now. If you want client to no longer use the http: URLs, configure
MDRequireHttps permanent
***This only works if your domains are reachable on the standard https port 443! ***
You can achieve the same with mod_alias and some Redirect configuration, basically. If you do it yourself, please make sure to exclude the paths /.well-known/* from your redirection, otherwise mod_md might have trouble signing on new certificates.
If you set this globally, it applies to all managed domains. If you want it for a specific domain only, use
<MDomain xxx.yyy>
MDRequireHttps permanent
</MDomain>
You still need to define a VirtualHost for port 80. If that does not exist, no redirects will happen.
When you configure MDRequireHttps permanent, an additional security feature is automatically applied: HSTS. This adds the header Strict-Transport-Security to responses sent out via https:. Basically, this instructs the browser to only perform secure communications with that domain. This instruction holds for the amount of time specified in the header as max-age. This is about half a year as generated by mod_md.
It is therefore advisable to first test the MDRequireHttps temporary configuration and switch to permanent only once that works satisfactory.
Location for the mod_md files
MDStoreDir path
Default: md
This is where mod_md will store all the files (i.e. account key, private keys and certs etc.)
The path is relative to ServerRoot.
Note that if you run multiple instances of httpd, each instance must have it's own directory.
MDBaseServer on|off
Default: off
Controls if the base server, the one outside all VirtualHosts should be managed by mod_md or not. Default is to not do this, for the very reason that it may have confusing side-effects. It is recommended that you have virtual hosts for all managed domains and do not rely on the global, fallback server configuration.
MDServerStatus on|off
Default: on
Controls if Managed Domains appear in the server-status handler of Apache.
MDCertificateStatus on|off
Default: on
Controls if Managed Domains respond to public requests for /.httpd/certificate-status or not.
Enable stapling for all or a particular MDomain.
MDStapling on|off
Default: off
mod_md has its own implementation for providing OCSP stapling information. This is an
alternative to the one provided by mod_ssl. For backward compatiblity reasons, this is
disabled by default.
The new stapling can be switched on for all certificates on the server or for an individual MDomain. This
will replace any stapling configurtion in mod_ssl for these hosts. When disabled, the mod_ssl
stapling (if configured) will do the work. This allows for a gradual shift over from one
implementation to the other.
The stapling of mod_md will also work for domains where the certificates are not managed
by this module (see MDStapleOthers for how to control this). This allows use of the new stapling
without using any ACME certificate management.
Enable stapling for certificates not managed by mod_md.
MDStapleOthers on|off
Default: on
This setting only takes effect when MDStapling is enabled. It controls if mod_md should
also provide stapling information for certificates that are not directly controlled by it, e.g.
renewed via an ACME CA.
Controls when responses are considered old and will be removed.
MDStaplingKeepResponse duration
Default: 7d
This time window specifies when OCSP response data used in stapling shall be removed from the store again on start up. Response information older than 7 days (default) is deleted. This keeps the store from growing when certificates are renewed/reconfigured frequently.
Control when the stapling responses will be renewed
MDStaplingRenewWindow duration
Default: 33%
If the validity of the OCSP response used in stapling falls below duration, mod_md will obtain a new OCSP response.
The CA issueing a certificate commonly also operates the OCSP responder service and determines how long its signed response about the validity of a certificate are valid. The longer a response is valid, the longer it can be cached which mean better overall performance for everyone. The shorter the life time, the more rapidly certificate revocations spread to clients. Then there is overall reliability which requires responses to outlive an eventual downtime of OCSP responders.
By adjusting the stapling renew window you can control parts of this yourself. If you make this very short, you gain maximum cache time, but service unavailablity will affect you. A very long window will make updates very frequent which may, driven to extremes, even affect your TLS connection setup times.
The default is chosen as 33%, which means renewal is started when only a third of the response lifetime is left. For a CA that issues OCSP responses with lifetime of 3 days, this means 2 days of caching and 1 day of renewing. A service outage would have to last full 24 hours to affect you.
Setting an absolute renew window, like 2d (2 days), is also possible. Howwever, since this does not
automatically adjusts to changes by the CA, this may result in renewals not taking place when needed.
Adds links to the server-status page for checking the status of a certificate
MDCertificateMonitor name url
Default: crt.sh https://crt.sh?q=
This is part of the 'server-status' HTML user interface and has nothing to do with the core functioning itself. It defines the link offered on that page for easy checking of a certificate monitor. The SHA256 fingerprint of the certificate is appended to the configured url.
Certificate Monitors offer supervision of Certificate Transparency (CT) Logs to track the use of certificates for domains. The least you may see is that Let's Encrypt (or whichever CA you have configured) has entered your certificates into the CTLogs.
The ACME protocol requires you to give a contact url when you sign up. Currently, Let's Encrypt wants an email address (and it will use it to inform you about renewals or changed terms of service). mod_md uses the MDContactEmail directive email in your Apache configuration, so please specify the correct address there. If MDContactEmail is not present, mod_md will use the ServerAdmin directive.
Sets the root (CA) certificates to use for TLS connections
MDCACertificateFile path-to-pem-file
Default: none
This is mainly used in test setups where the module needs to connect to a test ACME server that has its own root certificate. People who run an enterprise wide internal CA might find a use for this, but they have probably adapted the general CA root store already and there is no special need.
The repository comes with test suites. There are some unit tests using libcheck and a large overall test
suite that uses Apache, the LetsEncrypt ACME server and pytest in combination.
For the pytest suite you need a boulder installation. You clone this from the letsencrypt github repository and use docker to run it. Read its Development documentation on how to do that.
For the pytest, this is nowadays using python3. Please read up on your operating system on how to install python3. Commonly, you install components for it using the pip3 command. For the test suite, you probably need:
> pip3 install pytest
> pip3 install pyopenssl
Boulder has its main configuration in docker-compose.yml and there you will want to change
environment:
FAKE_DNS: <ip of your machine>
which answers all DNS requests for boulder with the address of your machine. The default value of 127.0.0.1 will not do. Boulder runs in a docker image and localhost is its own image and not your local machine where Apache listens. But for the tests to succeed, boulder needs to reach the Apache started by the test suite.
Start up boulder, see All servers running. Hit ^C to kill. after a while and start the test suite:
> make
> make test
...
python3 -m pytest
============================================================================ test session starts ============================================================================
platform darwin -- Python 3.7.4, pytest-3.7.3, py-1.6.0, pluggy-0.7.1
rootdir: /Users/sei/projects/mod_md/test, inifile:
collected 354 items
test_0001_store.py ...................
...
The test suite will itself start the Apache (several times with varying configurations) and terminate it on shutdown.
This is work in progress.
Follow the instructions at the Pebble github repository in order to install it. Start pebble directoy (no docker) and also start the challenge test server in another shell.
> PEBBLE_VA_NOSLEEP=1 pebble -config ./test/config/pebble-config.json -dnsserver :8053
> pebble-challtestsrv -http01 '' -https01 '' -tlsalpn01 ''
Configure mod_md to test with pebble:
> /configure --with-apxs=<your path to axps>/apxs --enable-werror --with-pebble=https://localhost:14000/dir
> make clean install test
And the tests should run. There are several which are skipped, notably the ones which test OCSP stapling. That is not supported by pebble. Also some validation trigger tests are skipped because pebble certificates are valid for 5 years.
If you leave out the PEBBLE_VA_NOSLEEP=1 the tests should also run, but will
take longer since pebble adds some waiting times in challenge validations.
Please see the file called LICENSE.
This work is supported by an Award from MOSS, the Mozilla Open Source Support project (twice now!). Many thanks to these excellent people! You are awesome!
Test cases mostly written by my colleague @michael-koeller who made this to a good part really a test driven development. Thanks!
Stefan Eissing, greenbytes GmbH
Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification, are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright notice and this notice are preserved. This file is offered as-is, without warranty of any kind. See LICENSE for details.