Allow specifying storage classes (#777)

---------

Co-authored-by: aburadeh <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: mohammad-aburadeh <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Alexander Dejanovski <[email protected]>

docs/Configuration.md

@@ -52,6 +52,18 @@ storage_provider = <Storage system used for backups>
 ; storage_provider should be either of "local", "google_storage" or "s3"
 region = <Region hosting the storage>
 
+; Storage class to use when uploading objects.
+; Use a value specific to chosen `storage_provider` that supports both reads and writes (eg S3's GLACIER and Azure's ARCHIVE won't work).
+; If not specified, we default to the 'hottest' class (STANDARD, STANDARD, HOT for GCP, AWS, AZURE respectively).
+; Supported values:
+; AWS S3: STANDARD | REDUCED_REDUNDANCY | STANDARD_IA | ONEZONE_IA | INTELLIGENT_TIERING
+;    GCP: STANDARD |        Unsupported | Unsupported | Unsupported
+;  AZURE:      HOT |               COOL |        COLD
+; https://aws.amazon.com/s3/storage-classes/
+; https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/storage-classes
+; https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/storage/blobs/access-tiers-overview
+; storage_class = <Storage Class Name used to store backups>
+
 ; Name of the bucket used for storing backups
 bucket_name = cassandra_backups
 

medusa-example.ini

@@ -60,6 +60,18 @@ storage_provider = <Storage system used for backups>
 ; storage_provider should be either of "local", "google_storage", "azure_blobs" or the s3_* values from
 ; https://github.com/apache/libcloud/blob/trunk/libcloud/storage/types.py
 
+; Storage class to use when uploading objects.
+; Use a value specific to chosen `storage_provider` that supports both reads and writes (eg S3's GLACIER and Azure's ARCHIVE won't work).
+; If not specified, we default to the 'hottest' class (STANDARD, STANDARD, HOT for GCP, AWS, AZURE respectively).
+; Supported values:
+; AWS S3: STANDARD | REDUCED_REDUNDANCY | STANDARD_IA | ONEZONE_IA | INTELLIGENT_TIERING
+;    GCP: STANDARD |        Unsupported | Unsupported | Unsupported
+;  AZURE:      HOT |               COOL |        COLD
+; https://aws.amazon.com/s3/storage-classes/
+; https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/storage-classes
+; https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/storage/blobs/access-tiers-overview
+; storage_class = <Storage Class Name used to store backups>
+
 ; Name of the bucket used for storing backups
 bucket_name = cassandra_backups
 

medusa/config.py

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 
 StorageConfig = collections.namedtuple(
     'StorageConfig',
-    ['bucket_name', 'key_file', 'prefix', 'fqdn', 'host_file_separator', 'storage_provider',
+    ['bucket_name', 'key_file', 'prefix', 'fqdn', 'host_file_separator', 'storage_provider', 'storage_class',
      'base_path', 'max_backup_age', 'max_backup_count', 'api_profile', 'transfer_max_bandwidth',
      'concurrent_transfers', 'multi_part_upload_threshold', 'host', 'region', 'port', 'secure', 'ssl_verify',
      'aws_cli_path', 'kms_id', 'backup_grace_period_in_days', 'use_sudo_for_restore', 'k8s_mode', 'read_timeout']

medusa/storage/abstract_storage.py

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 MAX_UP_DOWN_LOAD_RETRIES = 5
 
 
-AbstractBlob = collections.namedtuple('AbstractBlob', ['name', 'size', 'hash', 'last_modified'])
+AbstractBlob = collections.namedtuple('AbstractBlob', ['name', 'size', 'hash', 'last_modified', 'storage_class'])
 
 AbstractBlobMetadata = collections.namedtuple('AbstractBlobMetadata', ['name', 'sse_enabled', 'sse_key_id'])
 
@@ -442,6 +442,12 @@ def additional_upload_headers(self):
         """
         return {}
 
+    def get_storage_class(self):
+        if self.config.storage_class is not None:
+            return self.config.storage_class.upper()
+        else:
+            return None
+
     @staticmethod
     def human_readable_size(size, decimal_places=3):
         for unit in ["B", "KiB", "MiB", "GiB", "TiB"]:

medusa/storage/azure_storage.py

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 
 from azure.core.credentials import AzureNamedKeyCredential
 from azure.storage.blob.aio import BlobServiceClient
-from azure.storage.blob import BlobProperties
+from azure.storage.blob import BlobProperties, StandardBlobTier
 from medusa.storage.abstract_storage import AbstractStorage, AbstractBlob, AbstractBlobMetadata, ObjectDoesNotExistError
 from pathlib import Path
 from retrying import retry
@@ -95,7 +95,8 @@ async def _list_blobs(self, prefix=None) -> t.List[AbstractBlob]:
                 b_props.name,
                 b_props.size,
                 self._get_blob_hash(b_props),
-                b_props.last_modified)
+                b_props.last_modified,
+                b_props.blob_tier)
             )
         return blobs
 
@@ -116,17 +117,20 @@ async def _upload_object(self, data: io.BytesIO, object_key: str, headers: t.Dic
                 self.config.bucket_name, object_key
             )
         )
+        storage_class = self.get_storage_class()
         blob_client = await self.azure_container_client.upload_blob(
             name=object_key,
             data=data,
             overwrite=True,
+            standard_blob_tier=StandardBlobTier(storage_class.capitalize()) if storage_class else None,
         )
         blob_properties = await blob_client.get_blob_properties()
         return AbstractBlob(
             blob_properties.name,
             blob_properties.size,
             self._get_blob_hash(blob_properties),
             blob_properties.last_modified,
+            blob_properties.blob_tier
         )
 
     @retry(stop_max_attempt_number=MAX_UP_DOWN_LOAD_RETRIES, wait_fixed=5000)
@@ -173,6 +177,7 @@ async def _stat_blob(self, object_key: str) -> AbstractBlob:
             blob_properties.size,
             self._get_blob_hash(blob_properties),
             blob_properties.last_modified,
+            blob_properties.blob_tier
         )
 
     @retry(stop_max_attempt_number=MAX_UP_DOWN_LOAD_RETRIES, wait_fixed=5000)
@@ -188,13 +193,14 @@ async def _upload_blob(self, src: str, dest: str) -> ManifestObject:
                 src, self.human_readable_size(file_size), self.config.bucket_name, object_key
             )
         )
-
+        storage_class = self.get_storage_class()
         with open(src, "rb") as data:
             blob_client = await self.azure_container_client.upload_blob(
                 name=object_key,
                 data=data,
                 overwrite=True,
                 max_concurrency=16,
+                standard_blob_tier=StandardBlobTier(storage_class.capitalize()) if storage_class else None,
             )
         blob_properties = await blob_client.get_blob_properties()
         mo = ManifestObject(

medusa/storage/google_storage.py

@@ -82,7 +82,8 @@ async def _list_blobs(self, prefix=None) -> t.List[AbstractBlob]:
                 int(o['size']),
                 o['md5Hash'],
                 # datetime comes as a string like 2023-08-31T14:23:24.957Z
-                datetime.datetime.strptime(o['timeCreated'], '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%fZ')
+                datetime.datetime.strptime(o['timeCreated'], '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%fZ'),
+                o['storageClass']
             )
             async for o in objects
         ]
@@ -125,14 +126,20 @@ async def _upload_object(self, data: io.BytesIO, object_key: str, headers: t.Dic
                 self.config.bucket_name, object_key
             )
         )
+
+        storage_class = self.get_storage_class()
+        ex_header = {"storageClass": storage_class} if storage_class else {}
         resp = await self.gcs_storage.upload(
             bucket=self.bucket_name,
             object_name=object_key,
             file_data=data,
             force_resumable_upload=True,
             timeout=-1,
+            headers=ex_header,
+        )
+        return AbstractBlob(
+            resp['name'], int(resp['size']), resp['md5Hash'], resp['timeCreated'], storage_class.upper()
         )
-        return AbstractBlob(resp['name'], int(resp['size']), resp['md5Hash'], resp['timeCreated'])
 
     @retry(stop_max_attempt_number=MAX_UP_DOWN_LOAD_RETRIES, wait_fixed=5000)
     async def _download_blob(self, src: str, dest: str):
@@ -181,7 +188,8 @@ async def _stat_blob(self, object_key: str) -> AbstractBlob:
             int(blob['size']),
             blob['md5Hash'],
             # datetime comes as a string like 2023-08-31T14:23:24.957Z
-            datetime.datetime.strptime(blob['timeCreated'], '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%fZ')
+            datetime.datetime.strptime(blob['timeCreated'], '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%fZ'),
+            blob['storageClass']
         )
 
     @retry(stop_max_attempt_number=MAX_UP_DOWN_LOAD_RETRIES, wait_fixed=5000)
@@ -197,12 +205,16 @@ async def _upload_blob(self, src: str, dest: str) -> ManifestObject:
                     src, self.config.bucket_name, object_key
                 )
             )
+
+            storage_class = self.get_storage_class()
+            ex_header = {"storageClass": storage_class} if storage_class else {}
             resp = await self.gcs_storage.copy(
                 bucket=self.bucket_name,
                 object_name=f'{src}'.replace(f'gs://{self.bucket_name}/', ''),
                 destination_bucket=self.bucket_name,
                 new_name=object_key,
                 timeout=-1,
+                headers=ex_header,
             )
             resp = resp['resource']
         else:

medusa/storage/local_storage.py

@@ -60,7 +60,8 @@ async def _list_blobs(self, prefix=None):
                 str(p.relative_to(self.root_dir)),
                 os.stat(self.root_dir / p).st_size,
                 self._md5(self.root_dir / p),
-                datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(os.stat(self.root_dir / p).st_mtime)
+                datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(os.stat(self.root_dir / p).st_mtime),
+                None
             )
             for p in paths if not p.is_dir()
         ]
@@ -92,7 +93,8 @@ async def _upload_object(self, data: io.BytesIO, object_key: str, headers: t.Dic
             object_key,
             os.stat(object_path).st_size,
             md5.hexdigest(),
-            datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(os.stat(object_path).st_mtime)
+            datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(os.stat(object_path).st_mtime),
+            None
         )
 
     async def _download_blob(self, src: str, dest: str):
@@ -160,7 +162,8 @@ async def _get_object(self, object_key: t.Union[Path, str]) -> AbstractBlob:
             str(object_key),
             os.stat(object_path).st_size,
             self._md5(object_path),
-            datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(os.stat(object_path).st_mtime)
+            datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(os.stat(object_path).st_mtime),
+            None
         )
 
     async def _read_blob_as_bytes(self, blob: AbstractBlob) -> bytes:

medusa/storage/s3_base_storage.py

@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ async def _list_blobs(self, prefix=None) -> t.List[AbstractBlob]:
 
         for o in response.get('Contents', []):
             obj_hash = o['ETag'].replace('"', '')
-            blobs.append(AbstractBlob(o['Key'], o['Size'], obj_hash, o['LastModified']))
+            blobs.append(AbstractBlob(o['Key'], o['Size'], obj_hash, o['LastModified'], o['StorageClass']))
 
         return blobs
 
@@ -264,6 +264,10 @@ async def _upload_object(self, data: io.BytesIO, object_key: str, headers: t.Dic
             kms_args['ServerSideEncryption'] = 'aws:kms'
             kms_args['SSEKMSKeyId'] = self.kms_id
 
+        storage_class = self.get_storage_class()
+        if storage_class is not None:
+            kms_args['StorageClass'] = storage_class
+
         logging.debug(
             '[S3 Storage] Uploading object from stream -> s3://{}/{}'.format(
                 self.bucket_name, object_key
@@ -326,7 +330,7 @@ async def _stat_blob(self, object_key: str) -> AbstractBlob:
         try:
             resp = self.s3_client.head_object(Bucket=self.bucket_name, Key=object_key)
             item_hash = resp['ETag'].replace('"', '')
-            return AbstractBlob(object_key, int(resp['ContentLength']), item_hash, resp['LastModified'])
+            return AbstractBlob(object_key, int(resp['ContentLength']), item_hash, resp['LastModified'], None)
         except ClientError as e:
             if e.response['Error']['Code'] == 'NoSuchKey' or e.response['Error']['Code'] == '404':
                 logging.debug("[S3 Storage] Object {} not found".format(object_key))
@@ -339,7 +343,7 @@ async def _stat_blob(self, object_key: str) -> AbstractBlob:
     def __stat_blob(self, key):
         resp = self.s3_client.head_object(Bucket=self.bucket_name, Key=key)
         item_hash = resp['ETag'].replace('"', '')
-        return AbstractBlob(key, int(resp['ContentLength']), item_hash, resp['LastModified'])
+        return AbstractBlob(key, int(resp['ContentLength']), item_hash, resp['LastModified'], None)
 
     @retry(stop_max_attempt_number=MAX_UP_DOWN_LOAD_RETRIES, wait_fixed=5000)
     async def _upload_blob(self, src: str, dest: str) -> ManifestObject:
@@ -353,6 +357,10 @@ async def _upload_blob(self, src: str, dest: str) -> ManifestObject:
             kms_args['ServerSideEncryption'] = 'aws:kms'
             kms_args['SSEKMSKeyId'] = self.kms_id
 
+        storage_class = self.get_storage_class()
+        if storage_class is not None:
+            kms_args['StorageClass'] = storage_class
+
         file_size = os.stat(src).st_size
         logging.debug(
             '[S3 Storage] Uploading {} ({}) -> {}'.format(

tests/integration/features/integration_tests.feature

@@ -1146,3 +1146,41 @@ Feature: Integration tests
     Examples: Local storage
     | storage    | client encryption |
     | local      |  with_client_encryption |
+
+    @32
+    Scenario Outline: Perform a differential backup with explicit storage class, then verify it
+        Given I have a fresh ccm cluster "<client encryption>" running named "scenario32"
+        Given I will use "<storage class>" as storage class in the storage
+        Given I am using "<storage>" as storage provider in ccm cluster "<client encryption>" with gRPC server
+        When I create the "test" table with secondary index in keyspace "medusa"
+        When I load 100 rows in the "medusa.test" table
+        When I run a "ccm node1 nodetool -- -Dcom.sun.jndi.rmiURLParsing=legacy flush" command
+        When I perform a backup in "differential" mode of the node named "first_backup" with md5 checks "disabled"
+        Then I can see the backup named "first_backup" when I list the backups
+        Then I can verify the backup named "first_backup" with md5 checks "disabled" successfully
+        Then I can see 2 SSTables with "<storage class>" in the SSTable pool for the "test" table in keyspace "medusa"
+
+        @s3
+        Examples: S3 storage
+        | storage           | client encryption         | storage class       |
+        | s3_us_west_oregon | without_client_encryption | STANDARD            |
+        | s3_us_west_oregon | without_client_encryption | REDUCED_REDUNDANCY  |
+        | s3_us_west_oregon | without_client_encryption | STANDARD_IA         |
+        | s3_us_west_oregon | without_client_encryption | ONEZONE_IA          |
+        | s3_us_west_oregon | without_client_encryption | INTELLIGENT_TIERING |
+
+        @gcs
+        Examples: Google Cloud Storage
+        | storage        | client encryption         | storage class |
+        | google_storage | without_client_encryption | STANDARD      |
+# this is buggy for now, the library does not propagate the custom storage class headers
+#        | google_storage | without_client_encryption | NEARLINE      |
+#        | google_storage | without_client_encryption | COLDLINE      |
+#        | google_storage | without_client_encryption | ARCHIVE       |
+
+        @azure
+        Examples: Azure Blob Storage
+        | storage     | client encryption         | storage class |
+        | azure_blobs | without_client_encryption | HOT           |
+        | azure_blobs | without_client_encryption | COOL          |
+        | azure_blobs | without_client_encryption | COLD          |

tests/integration/features/steps/integration_steps.py

@@ -390,6 +390,11 @@ def _i_run_a_dse_command(context, command):
     ])
 
 
+@given(r'I will use "{storage_class}" as storage class in the storage')
+def i_will_use_storage_class(context, storage_class):
+    context.storage_class = storage_class
+
+
 @given(r'I am using "{storage_provider}" as storage provider in ccm cluster "{client_encryption}"')
 def i_am_using_storage_provider(context, storage_provider, client_encryption):
     context.storage_provider = storage_provider
@@ -531,6 +536,9 @@ def get_args(context, storage_provider, client_encryption, cassandra_url, use_mg
         stop_cmd = f'resources/dse/stop-dse.sh {context.dse_version}'
 
     storage_args = {"prefix": storage_prefix}
+    if hasattr(context, "storage_class"):
+        storage_args.update({"storage_class": context.storage_class})
+
     cassandra_args = {
         "is_ccm": str(is_ccm),
         "stop_cmd": stop_cmd,
@@ -1268,6 +1276,15 @@ def _the_backup_index_exists(context):
 )
 def _i_can_see_nb_sstables_in_the_sstable_pool(
         context, nb_sstables, table_name, keyspace
+):
+    _i_can_see_nb_sstables_with_storage_class_in_the_sstable_pool(context, nb_sstables, None, table_name, keyspace)
+
+
+# Then I can see 2 SSTables with "<storage class>" in the SSTable pool for the "test" table in keyspace "medusa"
+@then(r'I can see {nb_sstables} SSTables with "{storage_class}" in the SSTable pool '
+      r'for the "{table_name}" table in keyspace "{keyspace}"')
+def _i_can_see_nb_sstables_with_storage_class_in_the_sstable_pool(
+        context, nb_sstables, storage_class, table_name, keyspace
 ):
     with Storage(config=context.medusa_config.storage) as storage:
         path = os.path.join(
@@ -1280,6 +1297,11 @@ def _i_can_see_nb_sstables_in_the_sstable_pool(
             logging.error("Was expecting {} SSTables".format(nb_sstables))
             assert len(sstables) == int(nb_sstables)
 
+        if storage_class is not None:
+            for sstable in sstables:
+                logging.info(f'{storage_class.upper()} vs {sstable.storage_class.upper()}')
+                assert storage_class.upper() == sstable.storage_class.upper()
+
 
 @then(
     r'backup named "{backup_name}" has {nb_files} files '

tests/resources/config/medusa-azure_blobs.ini

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ host_file_separator = ","
 bucket_name = medusa-integration-tests
 key_file = ~/medusa_azure_credentials.json
 storage_provider = azure_blobs
+storage_class = COOL
 fqdn = 127.0.0.1
 base_path = /tmp
 prefix = storage_prefix

tests/resources/config/medusa-google_storage.ini

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ host_file_separator = ","
 bucket_name = medusa-it
 key_file = ~/medusa_credentials.json
 storage_provider = google_storage
+storage_class = STANDARD
 fqdn = 127.0.0.1
 base_path = /tmp
 prefix = storage_prefix

tests/resources/config/medusa-s3_us_west_oregon.ini

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ host_file_separator = ","
 bucket_name = medusa-it-gha
 key_file = ~/.aws/medusa_credentials
 storage_provider = s3_us_west_oregon
+storage_class = STANDARD
 fqdn = 127.0.0.1
 prefix = storage_prefix
 multi_part_upload_threshold = 1024