CxxWrap

This package aims to provide a Boost.Python-like wrapping for C++ types and functions to Julia. The idea is to write the code for the Julia wrapper in C++, and then use a one-liner on the Julia side to make the wrapped C++ library available there.

The mechanism behind this package is that functions and types are registered in C++ code that is compiled into a dynamic library. This dynamic library is then loaded into Julia, where the Julia part of this package uses the data provided through a C interface to generate functions accessible from Julia. The functions are passed to Julia either as raw function pointers (for regular C++ functions that don't need argument or return type conversion) or std::functions (for lambda expressions and automatic conversion of arguments and return types). The Julia side of this package wraps all this into Julia methods automatically.

What's the difference with Cxx.jl?

With Cxx.jl it is possible to directly access C++ using the @cxx macro from Julia. So when facing the task of wrapping a C++ library in a Julia package, authors now have 2 options:

• Use Cxx.jl to write the wrapper package in Julia code (much like one uses ccall for wrapping a C library)
• Use CxxWrap to write the wrapper completely in C++ (and one line of Julia code to load the .so)

Boost.Python also uses the latter (C++-only) approach, so translating existing Python bindings based on Boost.Python may be easier using CxxWrap.

Features

• Support for C++ functions, member functions and lambdas
• Classes with single inheritance, using abstract base classes on the Julia side
• Trivial C++ classes can be converted to a Julia isbits immutable
• Template classes map to parametric types, for the instantiations listed in the wrapper
• Automatic wrapping of default and copy constructor (mapped to deepcopy) if defined on the wrapped C++ class
• Facilitate calling Julia functions from C++

Installation

Just like any registered package:

Pkg.add("CxxWrap")

Building on Windows

To install on Windows, you need to do the following before running Pkg.add("CxxWrap"):

• Make sure the system has Visual Studio 2015 (aka Visual Studio 14) with Visual C++ installed (community edition ISO download link can be found at https://gist.github.com/CHEF-KOCH/8078b39e1aad71ef6c317a3c0edb6ec9). Note 1: Visual Studio default installation only gives you C# and VB. User must select custom installation and choose Visual C++ to be installed. Note 2: Visual Studio 2015 (Update 2 RC with MSVC 19.0.23824.1 or newer) is required; older versions won't work due to internal compiler errors; Visual Studio 2017 won't work for now but should work in the future.
• Make sure CMake has been installed (download at https://cmake.org/download/), and its bin folder is included in the environmental variable PATH. For example, if the installation path is C:\CMake, then C:\CMake\bin should be included in PATH - normally the installer would add it automatically.
• Create an environmental variable BUILD_ON_WINDOWS with the value 1. This tells the installer to build the binary on the local machine using CMake and Visual Stuido compiler instead of downloading the binary from server.

Boost Python Hello World example

Let's try to reproduce the example from the Boost.Python tutorial. Suppose we want to expose the following C++ function to Julia in a module called CppHello:

std::string greet()
{
   return "hello, world";
}

Using the C++ side of CxxWrap, this can be exposed as follows:

#include "jlcxx/jlcxx.hpp"

JULIA_CPP_MODULE_BEGIN(registry)
  jlcxx::Module& hello = registry.create_module("CppHello");
  hello.method("greet", &greet);
JULIA_CPP_MODULE_END

Once this code is compiled into a shared library (say libhello.so) it can be used in Julia as follows:

using CxxWrap

# Load the module and generate the functions
wrap_modules(joinpath("path/to/built/lib","libhello"))
# Call greet and show the result
@show CppHello.greet()

The code for this example can be found in deps/src/examples/hello.cpp and test/hello.jl.

Hello World example on Windows

On Windows, it is not necessary to create the Visual Studio project by hand: CMake creates a .sln file in the deps/build directory of the package, and that can be opened using Visual Studio to edit the source files and so on. The drawback is that this file gets overwritten if you add a new C++ source file for example.

If creating the Visual Studio project by hand is preferred, however, the following are the steps (assume Julia has been installed to C:\JuliaPro).

• In Visual Studio 2015, New Project, Installed | Templates | Other Languages | Visual C++ | Win32 | Win32 Project. Type in the name "CppHello" and choose Location of the project.
• In the Win32 Application Wizard, click Next, then select Application Type as DLL; in Additional options uncheck Security Development Lifecycle (SDL) checks. Then click Finish.
• Choose the active configuration as Release; choose x86 or x64 to match the CPU and the Julia version installed.
• Right click on the project name in the Solution Explorer, and choose Properties. Make the following changes (modify directory names as needed to match the actual Julia installation path):
  • C/C++ | General | Additional Include Directories: insert "C:\JuliaPro\Julia-0.5.1\include\julia;C:\JuliaPro\pkgs-0.5.1.1\v0.5\CxxWrap\deps\usr\include;"
  • C/C++ | Preprocessor | Preprocessor Definitions: insert "JULIA_ENABLE_THREADING;" before "%(PreprocessorDefinitions)"
  • Linker | Input | Additional Dependencies: insert "C:\JuliaPro\pkgs-0.5.1.1\v0.5\CxxWrap\deps\usr\lib\jlcxx.lib;C:\JuliaPro\Julia-0.5.1\lib\libjulia.dll.a;" before "%(AdditionalIncludeDirectories)"
• Click OK to exit the CppHello Property Pages.
• In Solution Explorer, under Source Files, double click "CppHello.cpp" to open it. Append the following code at the end and save:

#include "jlcxx/jlcxx.hpp"

std::string greet()
{
  return "hello, world";
}

JULIA_CPP_MODULE_BEGIN(registry)
  jlcxx::Module& hello = registry.create_module("CppHello");
  hello.method("greet", &greet);
JULIA_CPP_MODULE_END

• Build the CppHello project.
• Locate the resulted CppHello.dll file under the Release folder. For a 64-bit build, the path is the project folder\x64\Release\CppHello.dll.

Exporting symbols

Julia symbols can be exported from the module using the export_symbols function on the C++ side. It takes any number of symbols as string. To export greet from the CppHello module:

hello.export_symbols("greet");

More extensive example and function call performance

A more extensive example, including wrapping a C++11 lambda and conversion for arrays can be found in deps/src/examples/functions.cpp and test/functions.jl. This test also includes some performance measurements, showing that the function call overhead is the same as using ccall on a C function if the C++ function is a regular function and does not require argument conversion. When std::function is used (e.g. for C++ lambdas) extra overhead appears, as expected.

Exposing classes

Consider the following C++ class to be wrapped:

struct World
{
  World(const std::string& message = "default hello") : msg(message){}
  void set(const std::string& msg) { this->msg = msg; }
  std::string greet() { return msg; }
  std::string msg;
  ~World() { std::cout << "Destroying World with message " << msg << std::endl; }
};

Wrapped in the JULIA_CPP_MODULE_BEGIN/END block as before and defining a module CppTypes, the code for exposing the type and some methods to Julia is:

types.add_type<World>("World")
  .constructor<const std::string&>()
  .method("set", &World::set)
  .method("greet", &World::greet);

Here, the first line just adds the type. The second line adds the non-default constructor taking a string. Finally, the two method calls add member functions, using a pointer-to-member. The member functions become free functions in Julia, taking their object as the first argument. This can now be used in Julia as

w = CppTypes.World()
@test CppTypes.greet(w) == "default hello"
CppTypes.set(w, "hello")
@test CppTypes.greet(w) == "hello"

The add_type function actually builds 3 Julia types related to World. The first is an abstract type that by default inherits from the CppAny base type:

abstract type World <: CxxWrap.CppAny end

The second is an immutable type (the "reference type") with the following structure:

struct WorldRef <: World
  cpp_object::Ptr{Void}
end

It is an immutable type to be able to refer to C++ values without needing to allocate. This also means there are no finalizers for this kind of type, which is why there is also an equivalent mutable type that is returned by constructors and has a finalize attached that calls delete in C++:

mutable struct WorldAllocated <: World
  cpp_object::Ptr{Void}
end

This means that the variable w in the above example is of concrete type WorldAllocated and letting it go out of scope may trigger the finalizer and delete the object. When calling a C++ constructor, it is the responsibility of the caller to manage the lifetime of the resulting variable.

The above types are used in method generation as follows, considering for example the greet method taking a World argument:

greet(w::World) = ccall($fpointer, Any, (Ptr{Void}, WorldRef), $thunk, cconvert(WorldRef, w))

Here, the cconvert from WorldAllocated to WorldRef is defined automatically when creating the type.

Warning: The ordering of the C++ code matters: types used as function arguments or return types must be added before they are used in a function.

The full code for this example and more info on immutables and bits types can be found in deps/src/examples/types.cpp and test/types.jl.

Inheritance

To encapsulate inheritance, types must first inherit from each other in C++, so a static_cast to the base type can work:

struct A
{
  virtual std::string message() const = 0;
  std::string data = "mydata";
};

struct B : A
{
  virtual std::string message() const
  {
    return "B";
  }
};

When adding the type, add the supertype as a second argument:

types.add_type<A>("A").method("message", &A::message);
types.add_type<B>("B", jlcxx::julia_type<A>());

The supertype is of type jl_datatype_t* and using the template variant of jlcxx::julia_type looks up the corresponding type here. There is also a variant taking a string for the type name and an optional Julia module name as second argument, which is useful for inheriting from a type defined in Julia, e.g:

mod.add_type<Teuchos::ParameterList>("ParameterList", jlcxx::julia_type("PLAssociative", "Trilinos"))

The value returned by add_type also had a dt() method, useful in the case of template types:

auto multi_vector_base = mod.add_type<Parametric<TypeVar<1>>>("MultiVectorBase");
auto vector_base = mod.add_type<Parametric<TypeVar<1>>>("VectorBase", multi_vector_base.dt());

Since the concrete arguments given to ccall are the reference types, we need a way to convert BRef into ARef. To allow CxxWrap to figure out the correct static_cast to use, the hierarchy must be defined at compile time as follows:

namespace jlcxx
{
  template<> struct SuperType<B> { typedef A type; };
}

See the test at deps/src/examples/inheritance.cpp and test/inheritance.jl.

Enum types

Enum types are converted to strongly-typed bits types on the Julia side. Consider the C++ enum:

enum CppEnum
{
  EnumValA,
  EnumValB
};

This is registered as follows:

namespace jlcxx
{
  template<> struct IsBits<CppEnum> : std::true_type {};
}

JULIA_CPP_MODULE_BEGIN(registry)
  jlcxx::Module& types = registry.create_module("CppTypes");
  types.add_bits<CppEnum>("CppEnum");
  types.set_const("EnumValA", EnumValA);
  types.set_const("EnumValB", EnumValB);
JULIA_CPP_MODULE_END

The enum constants will be available on the Julia side as CppTypes.EnumValA and CppTypes.EnumValB, both of type CppTypes.CppEnum. Wrapped C++ functions taking a CppEnum will only accept a value of type CppTypes.CppEnum in Julia.

Template (parametric) types

The natural Julia equivalent of a C++ template class is the parametric type. The mapping is complicated by the fact that all possible parameter values must be compiled in advance, requiring a deviation from the syntax for adding a regular class. Consider the following template class:

template<typename A, typename B>
struct TemplateType
{
  typedef typename A::val_type first_val_type;
  typedef typename B::val_type second_val_type;

  first_val_type get_first()
  {
    return A::value();
  }

  second_val_type get_second()
  {
    return B::value();
  }
};

The code for wrapping this is:

types.add_type<Parametric<TypeVar<1>, TypeVar<2>>>("TemplateType")
  .apply<TemplateType<P1,P2>, TemplateType<P2,P1>>([](auto wrapped)
{
  typedef typename decltype(wrapped)::type WrappedT;
  wrapped.method("get_first", &WrappedT::get_first);
  wrapped.method("get_second", &WrappedT::get_second);
});

The first line adds the parametric type, using the generic placeholder Parametric and a TypeVar for each parameter. On the second line, the possible instantiations are created by calling apply on the result of add_type. Here, we allow for TemplateType<P1,P2> and TemplateType<P2,P1> to exist, where P1 and P2 are C++ classes that also must be wrapped and that fulfill the requirements for being a parameter to TemplateType. The argument to apply is a functor (generic C++14 lambda here) that takes the wrapped instantiated type (called wrapped here) as argument. This object can then be used as before to define methods. In the case of a generic lambda, the actual type being wrapped can be obtained using decltype as shown on the 4th line.

Use on the Julia side:

import ParametricTypes.TemplateType, ParametricTypes.P1, ParametricTypes.P2

p1 = TemplateType{P1, P2}()
p2 = TemplateType{P2, P1}()

@test ParametricTypes.get_first(p1) == 1
@test ParametricTypes.get_second(p2) == 1

There is also an apply_combination method to make applying all combinations of parameters shorter to write.

Full example and test including non-type parameters at: deps/src/examples/parametric.cpp and test/parametric.jl.

Constructors and destructors

The default constructor and any manually added constructor using the constructor function will automatically create a Julia object that has a finalizer attached that calls delete to free the memory. To write a C++ function that returns a new object that can be garbage-collected in Julia, use the jlcxx::create function:

jlcxx::create<Class>(constructor_arg1, ...);

This will return the new C++ object wrapped in a jl_value_t* that has a finalizer.

Call operator overload

Since Julia supports overloading the function call operator (), this can be used to wrap operator() by just omitting the method name:

struct CallOperator
{
  int operator()() const
  {
    return 43;
  }
};

// ...

types.add_type<CallOperator>("CallOperator").method(&CallOperator::operator());

Use in Julia:

call_op = CallOperator()
@test call_op() == 43

The C++ function does not even have to be operator(), but of course it is most logical use case.

Automatic argument conversion

By default, overloaded signatures for wrapper methods are generated, so a method taking a double in C++ can be called with e.g. an Int in Julia. Wrapping a function like this:

mod.method("half_lambda", [](const double a) {return a*0.5;});

then yields the methods:

half_lambda(arg1::Int64)
half_lambda(arg1::Float64)

In some cases (e.g. when a template parameter depends on the number type) this is not desired, so the behavior can be disabled on a per-argument basis using the StrictlyTypedNumber type. Wrapping a function like this:

mod.method("strict_half", [](const jlcxx::StrictlyTypedNumber<double> a) {return a.value*0.5;});

will only yield the Julia method:

strict_half(arg1::Float64)

Note that in C++ the number value is accessed using the value member of StrictlyTypedNumber.

Customization

The automatic overloading can be customized. For example, to allow passing an Int64 where a UInt64 is normally expected, the following method can be added:

CxxWrap.argument_overloads(t::Type{UInt64}) = [Int64]

Smart pointers

Currently, std::shared_ptr, std::unique_ptr and std::weak_ptr are supported transparently. Returning one of these pointer types will return an object inheriting from SmartPointer{T}:

types.method("shared_world_factory", []()
{
  return std::shared_ptr<World>(new World("shared factory hello"));
});

The shared pointer can then be used in a function taking an object of type World like this (the module is named CppTypes here):

swf = CppTypes.shared_world_factory()
CppTypes.greet(swf)

Explicit dereferencing is also supported, using the [] operator:

CppTypes.greet(swf[])

Adding a custom smart pointer

Suppose we have a "smart" pointer type defined as follows:

template<typename T>
struct MySmartPointer
{
  MySmartPointer(T* ptr) : m_ptr(ptr)
  {
  }

  MySmartPointer(std::shared_ptr<T> ptr) : m_ptr(ptr.get())
  {
  }

  T& operator*() const
  {
    return *m_ptr;
  }

  T* m_ptr;
};

Specializing in the jlcxx namespace:

namespace jlcxx
{
  template<typename T> struct IsSmartPointerType<cpp_types::MySmartPointer<T>> : std::true_type { };
  template<typename T> struct ConstructorPointerType<cpp_types::MySmartPointer<T>> { typedef std::shared_ptr<T> type; };
}

Here, the first line marks our type as a smart pointer, enabling automatic conversion from the pointer to its referenced type and adding the dereferencing pointer. If the type uses inheritance and the hierarchy is defined using SuperType, automatic conversion to the pointer or reference of the base type is also supported. The second line indicates that our smart pointer can be constructed from a std::shared_ptr, also adding auto-conversion for that case. This is useful for a relation as in std::weak_ptr and std::shared_ptr, for example.

Exceptions

When directly adding a regular free C++ function as a method, it will be called directly using ccall and any exception will abort the Julia program. To avoid this, you can force wrapping it in an std::functor to intercept the exception automatically by setting the force_convert argument to method to true:

mod.method("test_exception", test_exception, true);

Member functions and lambdas are automatically wrapped in an std::functor and so any exceptions thrown there are always intercepted and converted to a Julia exception.

Tuples

C++11 tuples can be converted to Julia tuples by including the containers/tuple.hpp header:

#include "jlcxx/jlcxx.hpp"
#include "jlcxx/tuple.hpp"

JULIA_CPP_MODULE_BEGIN(registry)
  jlcxx::Module& containers = registry.create_module("Containers");

  containers.method("test_tuple", []() { return std::make_tuple(1, 2., 3.f); });

  containers.export_symbols("test_tuple");
JULIA_CPP_MODULE_END

Use in Julia:

using CxxWrap
using Base.Test

wrap_modules(CxxWrap._l_containers)
using Containers

@test test_tuple() == (1,2.0,3.0f0)

Working with arrays

Reference native Julia arrays

The ArrayRef type is provided to work conveniently with array data from Julia. Defining a function like this in C++:

void test_array_set(jlcxx::ArrayRef<double> a, const int64_t i, const double v)
{
  a[i] = v;
}

This can be called from Julia as:

ta = [1.,2.]
test_array_set(ta, 0, 3.)

The ArrayRef type provides basic functionality:

• iterators
• size
• [] read-write accessor
• push_back for appending elements

Const arrays

Sometimes, a function returns a const pointer that is an array, either of fixed size or with a size that can be determined from elsewhere in the API. Example:

const double* const_vector()
{
  static double d[] = {1., 2., 3};
  return d;
}

In this simple case, the most logical way to translate this would be as a tuple:

mymodule.method("const_ptr_arg", []() { return std::make_tuple(const_vector().ptr[0], const_vector().ptr[1], const_vector().ptr[2]); });

In the case of a larger blob of heap-allocated data it makes more sense to convert this to a ConstArray, which implements the read-only part of the Julia array interface, so it exposes the data safely to Julia in a way that can be used natively:

mymodule.method("const_vector", []() { return jlcxx::make_const_array(const_vector(), 3); });

For multi-dimensional arrays, the make_const_array function takes multiple sizes, e.g.:

const double* const_matrix()
{
  static double d[2][3] = {{1., 2., 3}, {4., 5., 6.}};
  return &d[0][0];
}

// ...module definition skipped...

mymodule.method("const_matrix", []() { return jlcxx::make_const_array(const_matrix(), 3, 2); });

Note that because of the column-major convention in Julia, the sizes are in reversed order from C++, so the Julia code:

display(const_matrix())

shows:

3x2 ConstArray{Float64,2}:
 1.0  4.0
 2.0  5.0
 3.0  6.0

Calling Julia functions from C++

Direct call to Julia

Directly calling Julia functions uses jl_call from julia.h but with a more convenient syntax and automatic argument conversion and boxing. Use a JuliaFunction to get a functor that can be invoked directly. Example for calling the max function from Base:

mymodule.method("julia_max", [](double a, double b)
{
  jlcxx::JuliaFunction max("max");
  return max(a, b);
});

Internally, the arguments and return value are boxed, making this method convenient but slower than calling a regular C function.

Safe cfunction

The function CxxWrap.safe_cfunction provides a wrapper around Base.cfunction that checks the type of the function pointer. Example C++ function:

mymodule.method("call_safe_function", [](double(*f)(double,double))
{
  if(f(1.,2.) != 3.)
  {
    throw std::runtime_error("Incorrect callback result, expected 3");
  }
});

Use from Julia:

testf(x,y) = x+y
c_func = safe_cfunction(testf, Float64, (Float64,Float64))
MyModule.call_safe_function(c_func)

Using types different from the expected function pointer call will result in an error. This check incurs a runtime overhead, so the idea here is that the function is converted only once and then applied many times on the C++ side.

If the result of safe_cfunction needs to be stored before the calling signature is known, direct conversion of the created structure (type SafeCFunction) is also possible. It can then be converted later using jlcxx::make_function_pointer:

mymodule.method("call_safe_function", [](jlcxx::SafeCFunction f_data)
{
  auto f = jlcxx::make_function_pointer<double(double,double)>(f_data);
  if(f(1.,2.) != 3.)
  {
    throw std::runtime_error("Incorrect callback result, expected 3");
  }
});

This method of calling a Julia function is less convenient, but the call overhead should be no larger than calling a regular C function through its pointer.

Adding Julia code to the module

Sometimes, you may want to write additional Julia code in the module that is built from C++. To do this, call the wrap_module method inside an appropriately named Julia module:

module ExtendedTypes

using CxxWrap
wrap_module("libextended")
export ExtendedWorld, greet

end

Here, ExtendedTypes is a name that matches the module name passed to create_module on the C++ side. The wrap_module call works as before, but now the functions and types are defined in the existing ExtendedTypes module, and additional Julia code such as exports and macros can be defined.

It is also possible to split the wrap_module into the steps wrap_module_types and wrap_module_functions. This allows using the types before the functions get called, which is useful for overloading the argument_overloads with types defined on the C++ side.

Linking with the C++ library

The library (in deps/src/jlcxx) is built using CMake, so it can be found from another CMake project using the following line in a CMakeLists.txt:

find_package(CxxWrap)

The CMake variable CxxWrap_DIR should be set to the directory containing the CxxWrapConfig.cmake, typically ~/.julia/<Julia version>/CxxWrap/deps/usr/lib/cmake. One can then link using:

target_link_libraries(your_own_lib CxxWrap::jlcxx)

A complete CMakeLists.txt is at deps/src/examples/CMakeLists.txt.