apacheGH-40494: [Go] add support for protobuf messages (apache#40496)

### Rationale for this change

Support for protobuf messages

### What changes are included in this PR?

Ability to create a schema from a protobuf message
Ability to create a record from a protobuf message
Some customisations

### Are these changes tested?

Yes, couple of unit tests included

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No

* GitHub Issue: apache#40494

Lead-authored-by: Tom Scott-Coombes <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Tom Scott-Coombes <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Matt Topol <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: tscottcoombes1 <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Matt Topol <[email protected]>

dev/release/rat_exclude_files.txt

@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ go.work.sum
 go/go.sum
 go/arrow/Gopkg.lock
 go/arrow/flight/gen/flight/*.pb.go
+go/arrow/util/util_message/*.pb.go
 go/arrow/internal/cpu/*
 go/arrow/type_string.go
 go/arrow/cdata/test/go.sum

go/arrow/datatype_nested.go

@@ -877,7 +877,7 @@ func DenseUnionFromArrays(children []Array, fields []string, codes []UnionTypeCo
 }
 
 // DenseUnionOf is equivalent to UnionOf(arrow.DenseMode, fields, typeCodes),
-// constructing a SparseUnionType from a list of fields and type codes.
+// constructing a DenseUnionType from a list of fields and type codes.
 //
 // If len(fields) != len(typeCodes) this will panic. They are allowed to be
 // of length 0.

go/arrow/util/messages/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+<!---
+  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+  or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+  distributed with this work for additional information
+  regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+  to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+  "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+  with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+  software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+  "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+  KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+  specific language governing permissions and limitations
+  under the License.
+-->
+
+How to generate the .pb.go files
+
+```
+cd go/arrow/util/
+protoc -I ./ --go_out=./messages ./messages/types.proto
+```

go/arrow/util/messages/types.proto

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+import "google/protobuf/any.proto";
+
+option go_package = "../util_message";
+
+message ExampleMessage {
+  string field1 = 1;
+}
+
+message AllTheTypes {
+  string str = 1;
+  int32 int32 = 2;
+  int64 int64 = 3;
+  sint32 sint32 = 4;
+  sint64 sin64 = 5;
+  uint32 uint32 = 6;
+  uint64 uint64 = 7;
+  fixed32 fixed32 = 8;
+  fixed64 fixed64 = 9;
+  sfixed32 sfixed32 = 10;
+  bool bool = 11;
+  bytes bytes = 12;
+  double double = 13;
+  ExampleEnum enum = 14;
+  ExampleMessage message = 15;
+  oneof oneof {
+    string oneofstring = 16;
+    ExampleMessage oneofmessage = 17;
+  }
+  google.protobuf.Any any = 18;
+  map<int32, string> simple_map = 19;
+  map<string, ExampleMessage> complex_map = 20;
+  repeated string simple_list = 21;
+  repeated ExampleMessage complex_list = 22;
+
+  enum ExampleEnum {
+    OPTION_0 = 0;
+    OPTION_1 = 1;
+  }
+}