feat: Improved `strip` config handling #126

Job	Run time
analyze	46s
Check on stable-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc	1m 36s
Check on stable-x86_64-apple-darwin	1m 23s
Check on stable-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu	45s
Check on beta-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu	45s
Check on nightly-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu	46s
	6m 1s

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