Merge pull request Mooophy#505 from ZhangZhenghao/master

Add Exerrcise 18.29 19.3 19.4

ch18/ex18_29.cpp

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+/* Exercise 18.29: 
+
+Given the following class hierarchy: 
+
+class Class { ... }; class Base : public Class { ... }; 
+class D1 : virtual public Base { ... }; 
+class D2 : virtual public Base { ... }; 
+class MI : public D1, public D2 { ... }; 
+class Final : public MI, public Class { ... }; 
+
+(a) In what order are constructors and destructors run on a Final object? 
+(b) A Final object has how many Base parts? How many Class parts? 
+(c) Which of the following assignments is a compile-time error? 
+
+Base *pb;    Class *pc;       MI *pmi;     D2 *pd2; 
+(a) pb = new Class; 	(b) pc = new Final; 
+(c) pmi = pb; 			(d) pd2 = pmi;
+
+Solution: 
+(a) Constructors run order: Class Base D1 D2 MI Class Final.
+	Destructors run order: Final Class MI D2 D1 Base Call.
+	Class parts are constructed from left to right and base class to derived class.
+(b) 1 Base part and 2 Class parts.
+	Because ‘Base’ is a virtual base class of ‘D1’ and ‘D2’. There is only 1 Base part. 
+	However, ‘Class’ is a normal base class of ‘Final’ and ‘Base’. So there is 2 Class part.
+(c) error. Can't convert a pointer of base class to a pointer of derived class implicitly.
+	error. ‘Class’ is an ambiguous base of ‘Final’.
+	error. Can't convert a pointer of base class to a pointer of derived class implicitly.
+	pass. A pointer of derived class can be cast to a pointer of base class.
+
+*/
+#include <iostream>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+class Class {
+public:
+	Class() { cout << "Class() called" << endl; }
+	~Class() { cout << "~Class() called" << endl; }
+};
+
+class Base : public Class {
+public:
+	Base() { cout << "Base() called" << endl; }
+	~Base() { cout << "~Base() called" << endl; }
+};
+
+class D1 : virtual public Base {
+public:
+	D1() { cout << "D1() called" << endl; }
+	~D1() { cout << "~D1() called" << endl; }
+};
+
+class D2 : virtual public Base {
+public:
+	D2() { cout << "D2() called" << endl; }
+	~D2() { cout << "~D2() called" << endl; }
+};
+
+class MI : public D1, public D2 {
+public:
+	MI() { cout << "MI() called" << endl; }
+	~MI() { cout << "~MI() called" << endl; }
+};
+
+class Final : public MI, public Class {
+public:
+	Final() { cout << "Final() called" << endl; }
+	~Final() { cout << "~Final() called" << endl; }
+};
+
+int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
+{
+	Final final;
+	Base *pb;
+	Class *pc;
+	MI *pmi;
+	D2 *pd2;
+	// pb = new Class;
+	// pc = new Final;
+	// pmi = pb;
+	pd2 = pmi;
+	return 0;
+}

ch19/ex19_3_4.cpp

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+/* Exercises Section 19.2.1 
+
+Exercise 19.3: 
+
+Given the following class hierarchy in which each class defines a public default constructor and virtual destructor: 
+
+class A { . . . }; 
+class B : public A { . . . }; 
+class C : public B {  . . . }; 
+class D : public B, public A { . . . };
+
+which, if any, of the following dynamic_casts fail? 
+(a) A *pa = new C;    
+	B *pb = dynamic_cast< B* >(pa); 
+(b) B *pb = new B;    
+	C *pc = dynamic_cast< C* >(pb); 
+(c) A *pa = new D;    
+	B *pb = dynamic_cast< B* >(pa); 
+
+Solution:
+(a) Succeed. The type of ‘pa’ (class type 'C') is publicly derived from the target type 'B'.
+(b) Fail. The type of ‘pb’ (class type 'B') is a public base class of the target type 'C'. ‘pc’ will equal to nullptr.
+(c) Fail. ‘A’ is an ambiguous base of ‘D’. Converting a pointer of 'D' to a pointer of 'A' is not allowed.
+
+Exercise 19.4: 
+
+Using the classes defined in the first exercise, rewrite the following code to convert the expression *pa to the type C&: 
+
+if (C *pc = dynamic_cast< C* >(pa))    
+	// use C's members 
+} else {    
+	// use A's members 
+} 
+
+Solution:
+
+try {
+	C &rc = dynamic_cast<C&>(ra);
+	// use C's members 
+} catch (bad_cast) {
+	// use A's members 
+}
+
+*/
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <typeinfo>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+class A {
+public:
+	virtual ~A() {}
+};
+
+class B : public A {
+public:
+	virtual ~B() {}
+};
+
+class C : public B {
+public:
+	virtual ~C() {}
+};
+
+class D : public B, public A {
+public:
+	virtual ~D() {}
+};
+
+int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
+{
+	/* Exercise 19.3 */
+
+	A *pa = new C;    
+	B *pb = dynamic_cast< B* >(pa); 
+	if (pb) cout << "19.3 (a) succeed!" << endl;
+	else cout << "19.3 (a) fail!" << endl;
+
+	pb = new B;    
+	C *pc = dynamic_cast< C* >(pb); 
+	if (pc) cout << "19.3 (b) succeed!" << endl;
+	else cout << "19.3 (b) fail!" << endl;
+
+/*	pa = new D;    
+	pb = dynamic_cast< B* >(pa); */
+
+	/* Exercise 19.4 */
+
+	C c; B b;
+	A &ra1 = c, &ra2 = b;
+	try {
+		/* succeed */
+		C &rc1 = dynamic_cast<C&>(ra1);
+		cout << "19.4 succeed!" << endl;
+		/* fail */
+		C &rc2 = dynamic_cast<C&>(ra2);
+	} catch (bad_cast) {
+		cout << "19.4 failed!" << endl;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}