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oscryan committed Mar 26, 2024
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<para id="fs-id1393700">In the first level of compaction, short stretches of the DNA double helix wrap around a core of eight <term id="term-00009">histone proteins</term> at regular intervals along the entire length of the chromosome (<link target-id="fig-ch10_01_03"/>). The DNA-histone complex is called chromatin. The beadlike, histone DNA complex is called a <term id="term-00010">nucleosome</term>, and DNA connecting the nucleosomes is called linker DNA. A DNA molecule in this form is about seven times shorter than the double helix without the histones, and the beads are about 10 nm in diameter, in contrast with the 2-nm diameter of a DNA double helix.</para>
<para id="fs-id1373700">The second level of compaction occurs as the nucleosomes and the linker DNA between them coil into a 30-nm chromatin fiber. This coiling further <emphasis effect="italics">condenses</emphasis> the chromosome so that it is now about 50 times shorter than the extended form.</para>
<para id="fs-id1373701">In the third level of compaction, a variety of <emphasis effect="italics">fibrous proteins</emphasis> is used to “pack the chromatin.” These fibrous proteins also ensure that each chromosome in a non-dividing cell occupies a particular area of the nucleus that does not overlap with that of any other chromosome (see the top image in <link target-id="fig-ch10_01_02"/>).</para>
<figure id="fig-ch10_01_03"><media id="fs-id2195071" alt="A detail of a nucleosme shows 8 Histone proteins and 146 or 147 Nucleotide Base pairs; they are connected by a linker region to the Amino tail of the histone protein. Then, several levels of magnification reveal details of DNA. A D N A double helix is about 2 nanometers wide. The double helix wraps around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes. The entire D N A molecule wraps around many histones, creating the appearance of beads on a string in the radial loop domains and heterochromatin. The chromatin fiber further condenses into the chromosome at about 1400 nanometers wide.">
<figure id="fig-ch10_01_03"><media id="fs-id2195071" alt="A detail of a nucleosome shows 8 Histone proteins and 146 or 147 Nucleotide Base pairs; they are connected by a linker region to the Amino tail of the histone protein. Then, several levels of magnification reveal details of DNA. A D N A double helix is about 2 nanometers wide. The double helix wraps around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes. The entire D N A molecule wraps around many histones, creating the appearance of beads on a string in the radial loop domains and heterochromatin. The chromatin fiber further condenses into the chromosome at about 1400 nanometers wide.">
<image mime-type="image/jpg" src="../../media/Figure_10_01_03-3c7b.jpg"/>
</media>
<caption>Each linear chromosome in a eukaryotic cell is packaged into chromatin, a combination of DNA and proteins. The double-stranded DNA
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