Boundary model for open boundaries

examples/fluid/pipe_flow_2d.jl

@@ -88,7 +88,9 @@ inflow = InFlow(; plane=([0.0, 0.0], [0.0, domain_size[2]]), flow_direction,
                 open_boundary_layers, density=fluid_density, particle_spacing)
 
 open_boundary_in = OpenBoundarySPHSystem(inflow; sound_speed, fluid_system,
+                                         boundary_model=BoundaryModelLastiwka(),
                                          buffer_size=n_buffer_particles,
+                                         reference_density=fluid_density,
                                          reference_pressure=pressure,
                                          reference_velocity=velocity_function)
 
@@ -97,7 +99,9 @@ outflow = OutFlow(; plane=([domain_size[1], 0.0], [domain_size[1], domain_size[2
                   particle_spacing)
 
 open_boundary_out = OpenBoundarySPHSystem(outflow; sound_speed, fluid_system,
+                                          boundary_model=BoundaryModelLastiwka(),
                                           buffer_size=n_buffer_particles,
+                                          reference_density=fluid_density,
                                           reference_pressure=pressure,
                                           reference_velocity=velocity_function)
 

src/TrixiParticles.jl

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ export ArtificialViscosityMonaghan, ViscosityAdami, ViscosityMorris
 export DensityDiffusion, DensityDiffusionMolteniColagrossi, DensityDiffusionFerrari,
        DensityDiffusionAntuono
 export BoundaryModelMonaghanKajtar, BoundaryModelDummyParticles, AdamiPressureExtrapolation,
-       PressureMirroring, PressureZeroing
+       PressureMirroring, PressureZeroing, BoundaryModelLastiwka
 export BoundaryMovement
 export examples_dir, validation_dir, trixi_include
 export trixi2vtk

src/schemes/boundary/boundary.jl

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 include("dummy_particles/dummy_particles.jl")
 include("system.jl")
 include("open_boundary/boundary_zones.jl")
+include("open_boundary/method_of_characteristics.jl")
 include("open_boundary/system.jl")
 # Monaghan-Kajtar repulsive boundary particles require the `BoundarySPHSystem`
 # and the `TotalLagrangianSPHSystem` and are therefore included later.

src/schemes/boundary/dummy_particles/dummy_particles.jl

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
                                 smoothing_length; viscosity=nothing,
                                 state_equation=nothing, correction=nothing)
 
-`boundary_model` for `BoundarySPHSystem`.
+Boundary model for `BoundarySPHSystem`.
 
 # Arguments
 - `initial_density`: Vector holding the initial density of each boundary particle.

src/schemes/boundary/monaghan_kajtar/monaghan_kajtar.jl

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
     BoundaryModelMonaghanKajtar(K, beta, boundary_particle_spacing, mass;
                                 viscosity=nothing)
 
-`boundary_model` for `BoundarySPHSystem`.
+Boundary model for `BoundarySPHSystem`.
 
 # Arguments
 - `K`: Scaling factor for repulsive force.

src/schemes/boundary/open_boundary/method_of_characteristics.jl

@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+@doc raw"""
+    BoundaryModelLastiwka()
+
+Boundary model for `OpenBoundarySPHSystem`.
+This model uses the characteristic variables to propagate the appropriate values
+to the outlet or inlet and have been proposed by Lastiwka et al. (2009). For more information
+about the method see [description below](@ref method_of_characteristics).
+"""
+struct BoundaryModelLastiwka end
+
+@inline function update_quantities!(system, boundary_model::BoundaryModelLastiwka,
+                                    v, u, v_ode, u_ode, semi, t)
+    (; density, pressure, cache, flow_direction, sound_speed,
+    reference_velocity, reference_pressure, reference_density) = system
+
+    # Update quantities based on the characteristic variables
+    @threaded system for particle in each_moving_particle(system)
+        particle_position = current_coords(u, system, particle)
+
+        J1 = cache.characteristics[1, particle]
+        J2 = cache.characteristics[2, particle]
+        J3 = cache.characteristics[3, particle]
+
+        rho_ref = reference_value(reference_density, density[particle], system, particle,
+                                  particle_position, t)
+        density[particle] = rho_ref + ((-J1 + 0.5 * (J2 + J3)) / sound_speed^2)
+
+        p_ref = reference_value(reference_pressure, pressure[particle], system, particle,
+                                particle_position, t)
+        pressure[particle] = p_ref + 0.5 * (J2 + J3)
+
+        v_current = current_velocity(v, system, particle)
+        v_ref = reference_value(reference_velocity, v_current, system, particle,
+                                particle_position, t)
+        rho = density[particle]
+        v_ = v_ref + ((J2 - J3) / (2 * sound_speed * rho)) * flow_direction
+
+        for dim in 1:ndims(system)
+            v[dim, particle] = v_[dim]
+        end
+    end
+
+    return system
+end
+
+function update_final!(system, ::BoundaryModelLastiwka, v, u, v_ode, u_ode, semi, t)
+    @trixi_timeit timer() "evaluate characteristics" begin
+        evaluate_characteristics!(system, v, u, v_ode, u_ode, semi, t)
+    end
+end
+
+# ==== Characteristics
+# J1: Associated with convection and entropy and propagates at flow velocity.
+# J2: Propagates downstream to the local flow
+# J3: Propagates upstream to the local flow
+function evaluate_characteristics!(system, v, u, v_ode, u_ode, semi, t)
+    (; volume, cache, boundary_zone) = system
+    (; characteristics, previous_characteristics) = cache
+
+    for particle in eachparticle(system)
+        previous_characteristics[1, particle] = characteristics[1, particle]
+        previous_characteristics[2, particle] = characteristics[2, particle]
+        previous_characteristics[3, particle] = characteristics[3, particle]
+    end
+
+    set_zero!(characteristics)
+    set_zero!(volume)
+
+    # Evaluate the characteristic variables with the fluid system
+    evaluate_characteristics!(system, system.fluid_system, v, u, v_ode, u_ode, semi, t)
+
+    # Only some of the in-/outlet particles are in the influence of the fluid particles.
+    # Thus, we compute the characteristics for the particles that are outside the influence
+    # of fluid particles by using the average of the values of the previous time step.
+    # See eq. 27 in Negi (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2020.113119
+    @threaded system for particle in each_moving_particle(system)
+
+        # Particle is outside of the influence of fluid particles
+        if isapprox(volume[particle], 0.0)
+
+            # Using the average of the values at the previous time step for particles which
+            # are outside of the influence of fluid particles.
+            avg_J1 = 0.0
+            avg_J2 = 0.0
+            avg_J3 = 0.0
+            counter = 0
+
+            for neighbor in each_moving_particle(system)
+                # Make sure that only neighbors in the influence of
+                # the fluid particles are used.
+                if volume[neighbor] > sqrt(eps())
+                    avg_J1 += previous_characteristics[1, neighbor]
+                    avg_J2 += previous_characteristics[2, neighbor]
+                    avg_J3 += previous_characteristics[3, neighbor]
+                    counter += 1
+                end
+            end
+
+            characteristics[1, particle] = avg_J1 / counter
+            characteristics[2, particle] = avg_J2 / counter
+            characteristics[3, particle] = avg_J3 / counter
+        else
+            characteristics[1, particle] /= volume[particle]
+            characteristics[2, particle] /= volume[particle]
+            characteristics[3, particle] /= volume[particle]
+        end
+        prescribe_conditions!(characteristics, particle, boundary_zone)
+    end
+
+    return system
+end
+
+function evaluate_characteristics!(system, neighbor_system::FluidSystem,
+                                   v, u, v_ode, u_ode, semi, t)
+    (; volume, sound_speed, cache, flow_direction, density, pressure,
+    reference_velocity, reference_pressure, reference_density) = system
+    (; characteristics) = cache
+
+    v_neighbor_system = wrap_v(v_ode, neighbor_system, semi)
+    u_neighbor_system = wrap_u(u_ode, neighbor_system, semi)
+
+    nhs = get_neighborhood_search(system, neighbor_system, semi)
+
+    system_coords = current_coordinates(u, system)
+    neighbor_coords = current_coordinates(u_neighbor_system, neighbor_system)
+
+    # Loop over all fluid neighbors within the kernel cutoff
+    foreach_point_neighbor(system, neighbor_system, system_coords, neighbor_coords,
+                           nhs) do particle, neighbor, pos_diff, distance
+        neighbor_position = current_coords(u_neighbor_system, neighbor_system, neighbor)
+
+        # Determine current and prescribed quantities
+        rho_b = particle_density(v_neighbor_system, neighbor_system, neighbor)
+        rho_ref = reference_value(reference_density, density, system, particle,
+                                  neighbor_position, t)
+
+        p_b = particle_pressure(v_neighbor_system, neighbor_system, neighbor)
+        p_ref = reference_value(reference_pressure, pressure, system, particle,
+                                neighbor_position, t)
+
+        v_b = current_velocity(v_neighbor_system, neighbor_system, neighbor)
+        v_neighbor_ref = reference_value(reference_velocity, v, system, particle,
+                                         neighbor_position, t)
+
+        # Determine characteristic variables
+        density_term = -sound_speed^2 * (rho_b - rho_ref)
+        pressure_term = p_b - p_ref
+        velocity_term = rho_b * sound_speed * (dot(v_b - v_neighbor_ref, flow_direction))
+
+        kernel_ = smoothing_kernel(neighbor_system, distance)
+
+        characteristics[1, particle] += (density_term + pressure_term) * kernel_
+        characteristics[2, particle] += (velocity_term + pressure_term) * kernel_
+        characteristics[3, particle] += (-velocity_term + pressure_term) * kernel_
+
+        volume[particle] += kernel_
+    end
+
+    return system
+end
+
+@inline function prescribe_conditions!(characteristics, particle, ::OutFlow)
+    # J3 is prescribed (i.e. determined from the exterior of the domain).
+    # J1 and J2 is transimtted from the domain interior.
+    characteristics[3, particle] = zero(eltype(characteristics))
+
+    return characteristics
+end
+
+@inline function prescribe_conditions!(characteristics, particle, ::InFlow)
+    # Allow only J3 to propagate upstream to the boundary
+    characteristics[1, particle] = zero(eltype(characteristics))
+    characteristics[2, particle] = zero(eltype(characteristics))
+
+    return characteristics
+end