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getting started with rails4
Ruby on Rails is a popular web framework written in Ruby. This guide covers using Rails 4 on Heroku, running previous versions of Rails on Heroku see Getting Started with Rails 3.x on Heroku.
Ruby on RailsはRuby製の、人気のあるwebフレームワークです。このガイドは、Herokuを用いたRails4について述べたものです。旧バージョンのRailsをHeroku上で動作させる場合には、Getting Started with Rails 3.x on Heroku.を参照して下さい。
callout If you are already familiar with Heroku and Rails, reference the simplified Rails 4 on Heroku guide instead. For general information on how to develop and architect apps for use on Heroku, see Architecting Applications for Heroku.
その前に、あなたが既にHerokuとRailsに十分詳しいのであれば, simplified Rails 4 on Heroku guideを代わりに参照して下さい. Heroku上でのアプリケーション開発や設計に関する一般的な情報については, Architecting Applications for Herokuを参照して下さい.
For this guide you will need:
- Basic Ruby/Rails knowledge
- Locally installed version of Ruby, Rubygems, Bundler, and Rails 4+
- Basic Git knowledge
- A Heroku user account: Signup is free and instant
note If you have questions about Ruby on Heroku, consider discussing it in the Ruby on Heroku forums.
このガイドを読むにあたって、以下の要素が必要となります。
- Ruby/Railsの基本的な知識
- ローカルマシンにインストールされたRuby, Rubygems, Bundler そして Rails4
- 基本的なGitの知識
- Herokuのユーザーアカウント: Signup is free and instant
注: Heroku上でRubyを動作させる事について疑問がある場合は, ここ Ruby on Heroku forumsで議論する事を検討してみて下さい.
First, install the Heroku Toolbelt on your local workstation.
This ensures that you have access to the Heroku command-line client, Foreman, and the Git revision control system. You will also need Ruby and Rails installed.
Once installed, you'll have access to the heroku command from your command shell. Log in using the email address and password you used when creating your Heroku account:
まず, Heroku Toolbeltをローカルマシンにインストールして下さい。
これは、あなたが Heroku command-line clientにアクセスする事を可能にし, Gitによるバージョンコントロールを可能にします. こちら Ruby and Rails installedもご参照下さい.
インストールが終われば, Shellからherokuコマンドにアクセスする事が可能になります。
Herokuアカウントを作成する時に使用したemailアドレスとパスワードを使用して、ログインして下さい。
callout Note that
$symbol before commands indicates they should be run on the command line, prompt, or terminal with appropriate permissions. Do not copy the$symbol.
注: コマンドの前にある
$はコマンドラインで実行されている事を示すプロンプトです。あるいは、 terminalが正しいパーミッションで用いられている事を示すものです。$をコピーしないで下さい。
$ heroku login
Enter your Heroku credentials.
Email: [email protected]
Password:
Could not find an existing public key.
Would you like to generate one? [Yn]
Generating new SSH public key.
Uploading ssh public key /Users/adam/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
Press enter at the prompt to upload your existing ssh key or create a new one, used for pushing code later on.
あなたの既存のssh鍵をアップロードするためにEnterを押してください。ssh鍵がなければ、鍵を新規作成します。 これは後にコードをpushする為に使用します。
callout To run on Heroku your app must be configured to use the Postgres database, have all dependencies declared in your
Gemfile, and have therails_12factorgem in the production group of yourGemfile
注: あなたのアプリケーションをHeroku上で動作させる為には、Postgresデータベースを使用する構成としなければなりません。全ての依存関係は
Gemfileに記述しましょう。, そしてrails_12factorをproduction groupのGemfileに記述しましょう。
You may be starting from an existing app, if so upgrade to Rails 4 before continuing. If not, a vanilla Rails 4 app will serve as a suitable sample app. To build a new app make sure that you're using the Rails 4.x using $ rails -v. You can get the new version of rails by running,
もし既存のアプリケーションからスタートしようとしている場合は, upgrade to Rails 4 を先にお読み下さい。 そうでない場合は, vanilla Rails 4 app がサンプルアプリケーションとして適しています。 新しいアプリケーションをビルドする為に、Rails 4.x を使用している事を確認して下さい。確認する為のコマンドは $ rails -vです。 以下のコマンドで、新しいversionのRailsを入手する事ができます。
$ gem install rails --no-ri --no-rdoc
Successfully installed rails-4.1.0
1 gem installed
Then create a new app:
次に新しいアプリケーションを作成しましょう:
$ rails new myapp --database=postgresql
Once finished change your directory to the newly created Rails app
それが終われば、新しく作成したRailsアプリケーションのディレクトリに移動しましょう。
$ cd myapp
callout If you experience problems or get stuck with this tutorial, your questions may be answered in a later part of this document. Once you experience a problem try reading through the entire document and then going back to your issue. It can also be useful to review your previous steps to ensure they all executed correctly.
注: もしあなたがこのチュートリアルを進めるにあたって問題に直面しているとしても、あなたの疑問について、このドキュメントで後に回答しているかもしれません。 何か問題に直面した時は、ドキュメントを最後まで読み進めて、さらに問題が生じた箇所まで戻って読み返してみて下さい。あなたが以前、行った作業を遡って確認することも有用でしょう。
Note: If your rails commands hang for any reason it may be a result of running spring. You can stop spring by running
注: もし rails コマンドが 何らかの理由でhangするなら、それはspringが稼働しているからなのかもしれません。以下のコマンドでspringを止める事ができます。
$ spring stop
Spring stopped.
Rails 4 no longer has a static index page in production. When you're using a new app, there will not be a root page in production, so we need to create one. We will first create a controller called welcome for our home page to live:
Rails 4はproduction環境に静的indexページを、もはや持っていません。新しいアプリケーションを作成する場合はproduction環境のルートページは存在しません。そこで我々は新たにこれを作成する必要があります。まずはホームページに命を吹き込むために、 welcomeコントローラを作成します:
$ rails generate controller welcome
Next we'll add an index page. 次に、indexページを追加します。
In file app/views/welcome/index.html.erb write:
app/views/welcome/index.html.erbの中に、以下を記述します:
<h2>Hello World</h2>
<p>
The time is now: <%= Time.now %>
</p>Now we need to have Rails route to this action. We'll edit config/routes.rb to set the index page to our new method:
このアクションのために、Railsにrouteを持たせる必要があります。 indexページを新しいメソッドに追加するために、config/routes.rbを編集します:
In file config/routes.rb, on line 2 add:
root 'welcome#index'You can verify that the page is there by running your server:
$ rails server
And visiting http://localhost:3000 in your browser. If you do not see the page, use the logs that are output to your server to debug.
Heroku integration has previously relied on using the Rails plugin system, which has been removed from Rails 4. To enable features such as static asset serving and logging on Heroku please add rails_12factor gem to your Gemfile.
At the end of Gemfile add:
gem 'rails_12factor', group: :productionThen run:
$ bundle install
We talk more about Rails integration on our Ruby Support page.
callout We highly recommend using PostgreSQL during development. Maintaining parity between your development and deployment environments prevents subtle bugs from being introduced because of differences between your environments. Install Postgres locally now if it is not already on your system.
If you did not specify postgresql while creating your app (using --database=postgresql) you will need to add the pg gem to your Rails project. Edit your Gemfile and change this line:
gem 'sqlite3'To this:
gem 'pg'You can get more information on why this change is needed and how to configure your app to run postgres locally see why you cannot use Sqlite3 on Heroku.
In addition to using the pg gem, you'll also need to ensure the config/database.yml is using the postgresql adapter.
You will also need to remove the username field in your database.yml if there is one so:
In file config/database.yml remove:
username: myapp
This line tells rails that the database myapp_development should be run under a role of myapp. Since you likely don't have this role in your database we will remove it. With the line removed, Rails will try to access the database as a user who is currently logged into the computer.
The development section of your config/database.yml file should look something like this:
$ cat config/database.yml
# PostgreSQL. Versions 8.2 and up are supported.
#
# Install the pg driver:
# gem install pg
# On OS X with Homebrew:
# gem install pg -- --with-pg-config=/usr/local/bin/pg_config
# On OS X with MacPorts:
# gem install pg -- --with-pg-config=/opt/local/lib/postgresql84/bin/pg_config
# On Windows:
# gem install pg
# Choose the win32 build.
# Install PostgreSQL and put its /bin directory on your path.
#
# Configure Using Gemfile
# gem 'pg'
#
default: &default
adapter: postgresql
encoding: unicode
# For details on connection pooling, see rails configuration guide
# http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#database-pooling
pool: 5
Be careful here, if you omit the sql at the end of postgresql your application will not work.
Now re-install your dependencies (to generate a new Gemfile.lock):
$ bundle installRails 4 requires Ruby 1.9.3 or above. Heroku has a recent version of Ruby installed, however you can specify an exact version by using the ruby DSL in your Gemfile. For this guide we'll be using Ruby 2.1.1 so add this to your Gemfile:
At the end of Gemfile add:
ruby "2.1.1"You should also be running the same version of Ruby locally. You can verify by running $ ruby -v. You can get more information on specifying your Ruby version on Heroku here.
Heroku relies on git, a distributed source control managment tool, for deploying your project. If your project is not already in git first verify that git is on your system:
$ git --help
usage: git [--version] [--help] [-c name=value]
[--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
[-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
[--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
<command> [<args>]
The most commonly used git commands are:
add Add file contents to the index
bisect Find by binary search the change that introduced a bug
branch List, create, or delete branches
If you don't see any output or get command not found you will need to install it on your system, verify that the Heroku toolbelt is installed.
Once you've verified that git works, first make sure you are in your Rails app directory by running:
$ ls
The output should look like this:
$ ls
Gemfile
Gemfile.lock
README.rdoc
Rakefile
app
bin
config
config.ru
db
lib
log
public
test
tmp
vendor
Now run these commands in your Rails app directory to initialize and commit your code to git:
$ git init
$ git add .
$ git commit -m "init"
You can verify everything was committed correctly by running:
$ git status
# On branch master
nothing to commit, working directory clean
Now that your application is committed to git you can deploy to Heroku.
Make sure you are in the directory that contains your Rails app, then create an app on Heroku:
$ heroku create
Creating warm-wave-1943... done, stack is cedar
http://warm-wave-1943.herokuapp.com/ | [email protected]:warm-wave-1943.git
Git remote heroku added
You can verify that the remote was added to your project by running
$ git config -e
If you see fatal: not in a git directory then you are likely not in the correct directory. Otherwise you may deploy your code. After you deploy your code, you will need to migrate your database, make sure it is properly scaled and use logs to debug any issues that come up.
Deploy your code:
$ git push heroku master
Initializing repository, done.
-----> Ruby app detected
-----> Compiling Ruby/Rails
-----> Using Ruby version: ruby-2.1.1
-----> Installing dependencies using 1.5.2
Running: bundle install --without development:test --path vendor/bundle --binstubs vendor/bundle/bin -j4 --deployment
Fetching gem metadata from https://rubygems.org/..........
Fetching additional metadata from https://rubygems.org/..
Using json (1.8.1)
Installing i18n (0.6.9)
Installing rake (10.3.0)
Installing builder (3.2.2)
Installing minitest (5.3.3)
Installing thread_safe (0.3.3)
Installing mime-types (1.25.1)
Installing erubis (2.7.0)
Installing polyglot (0.3.4)
Installing arel (5.0.1.20140414130214)
Installing execjs (2.0.2)
Installing coffee-script-source (1.7.0)
Installing rack (1.5.2)
Installing hike (1.2.3)
Using bundler (1.5.2)
Installing thor (0.19.1)
Installing multi_json (1.9.2)
Installing tilt (1.4.1)
Installing rails_serve_static_assets (0.0.2)
Installing rails_stdout_logging (0.0.3)
Installing sass (3.2.19)
Installing rdoc (4.1.1)
Installing tzinfo (1.1.0)
Installing uglifier (2.5.0)
Installing treetop (1.4.15)
Installing coffee-script (2.2.0)
Installing rack-test (0.6.2)
Installing rails_12factor (0.0.2)
Installing sprockets (2.11.0)
Installing sdoc (0.4.0)
Installing activesupport (4.1.0)
Installing mail (2.5.4)
Installing activemodel (4.1.0)
Installing jbuilder (2.0.6)
Installing actionview (4.1.0)
Installing activerecord (4.1.0)
Installing actionpack (4.1.0)
Installing sprockets-rails (2.1.3)
Installing actionmailer (4.1.0)
Installing railties (4.1.0)
Installing coffee-rails (4.0.1)
Installing jquery-rails (3.1.0)
Installing turbolinks (2.2.2)
Installing sass-rails (4.0.3)
Installing rails (4.1.0)
Installing pg (0.17.1)
Your bundle is complete!
Gems in the groups development and test were not installed.
It was installed into ./vendor/bundle
Post-install message from rdoc:
Depending on your version of ruby, you may need to install ruby rdoc/ri data:
<= 1.8.6 : unsupported
= 1.8.7 : gem install rdoc-data; rdoc-data --install
= 1.9.1 : gem install rdoc-data; rdoc-data --install
>= 1.9.2 : nothing to do! Yay!
Bundle completed (48.17s)
Cleaning up the bundler cache.
-----> Preparing app for Rails asset pipeline
Running: rake assets:precompile
I, [2014-04-17T17:54:07.273555 #1263] INFO -- : Writing /tmp/build_8945fb34-0238-41d7-a2fd-4402581a95fe/public/assets/application-10faafa06109fa14582542ac1852f5c5.js
I, [2014-04-17T17:54:07.338617 #1263] INFO -- : Writing /tmp/build_8945fb34-0238-41d7-a2fd-4402581a95fe/public/assets/application-9cc0575249625b8d8648563841072913.css
Asset precompilation completed (11.26s)
Cleaning assets
Running: rake assets:clean
-----> WARNINGS:
No Procfile detected, using the default web server (webrick)
https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/ruby-default-web-server
-----> Discovering process types
Procfile declares types -> (none)
Default types for Ruby -> console, rake, web, worker
-----> Compressing... done, 21.9MB
-----> Launching... done, v6
http://warm-wave-1943.herokuapp.com/ deployed to Heroku
To [email protected]:warm-wave-1943.git
* [new branch] master -> master
It is always a good idea to check to see if there are any warnings or errors in the output. If everything went well you can migrate your database.
If you are using the database in your application you need to manually migrate the database by running:
$ heroku run rake db:migrate
Any commands after the heroku run will be executed on a Heroku dyno.
You've deployed your code to Heroku. You can now instruct Heroku to execute a process type. Heroku does this by running the associated command in a dyno - a lightweight container which is the basic unit of composition on Heroku.
Let's ensure we have one dyno running the web process type:
$ heroku ps:scale web=1
You can check the state of the app's dynos. The heroku ps command lists the running dynos of your application:
$ heroku ps
=== web (1X): `bin/rails server -p $PORT -e $RAILS_ENV`
web.1: starting 2014/04/17 12:54:20 (‾ 3s ago)
Here, one dyno is running.
We can now visit the app in our browser with heroku open.
$ heroku open
Opening warm-wave-1943... done
You should now see the "Hello World" text we inserted above.
Heroku gives you a default web url for simplicty while you are developing. When you are ready to scale up and use Heroku for production you can add your own Custom Domain.
If you run into any problems getting your app to perform properly, you will need to check the logs.
You can view information about your running app using one of the logging commands, heroku logs:
$ heroku logs
2014-04-17T17:52:41.286751+00:00 heroku[api]: Enable Logplex by [email protected]
2014-04-17T17:52:41.286873+00:00 heroku[api]: Release v2 created by [email protected]
2014-04-17T17:52:54+00:00 heroku[slug-compiler]: Slug compilation started
2014-04-17T17:54:19.695689+00:00 heroku[api]: Release v3 created by [email protected]
2014-04-17T17:54:20.047893+00:00 heroku[api]: Deploy 4a37583 by [email protected]
2014-04-17T17:54:19.695584+00:00 heroku[api]: Set DATABASE_URL config vars by [email protected]
2014-04-17T17:54:19.214087+00:00 heroku[api]: Scale to web=1 by [email protected]
2014-04-17T17:54:19.797989+00:00 heroku[api]: Attach HEROKU_POSTGRESQL_JADE resource by [email protected]
2014-04-17T17:54:19.798073+00:00 heroku[api]: Release v4 created by [email protected]
2014-04-17T17:54:19.946728+00:00 heroku[api]: Set LANG, RAILS_ENV, RACK_ENV, SECRET_KEY_BASE config vars by [email protected]
2014-04-17T17:54:19.946728+00:00 heroku[api]: Release v5 created by [email protected]
2014-04-17T17:54:20+00:00 heroku[slug-compiler]: Slug compilation finished
2014-04-17T17:54:22.006939+00:00 heroku[api]: Scale to web=1 by [email protected]
2014-04-17T17:54:20.048071+00:00 heroku[api]: Release v6 created by [email protected]
2014-04-17T17:54:24.109164+00:00 heroku[web.1]: Starting process with command `bin/rails server -p 18367 -e production`
You can also get the full stream of logs by running the logs command with the --tail flag option like this:
$ heroku logs --tail
Having only a single web dyno running will result in the dyno going to sleep after one hour of inactivity. This causes a delay of a few seconds for the first request upon waking. Subsequent requests will perform normally.
To avoid this, you can scale to more than one web dyno. For example:
$ heroku ps:scale web=2
For each application, Heroku provides 750 free dyno-hours. Running your app at 2 dynos would exceed this free, monthly allowance, so let's scale back:
$ heroku ps:scale web=1
Heroku allows you to run commands in a one-off dyno - scripts and applications that only need to be executed when needed - using the heroku run command. Use this to launch a Rails console process attached to your local terminal for experimenting in your app's environment:
$ heroku run rails console
irb(main):001:0> puts 1+1
2
Rake can be run as an attached process exactly like the console:
$ heroku run rake db:migrate
By default, your app's web process runs rails server, which uses Webrick. This is fine for testing, but for production apps you'll want to switch to a more robust webserver. On Cedar, we recommend Unicorn as the webserver. Regardless of the webserver you choose, production apps should always specify the webserver explicitly in the Procfile.
First, add Unicorn to your application Gemfile:
At the end of Gemfile add:
gem 'unicorn'Then run
$ bundle install
Now you are ready to configure your app to use Unicorn.
Create a configuration file for Unicorn at config/unicorn.rb:
$ touch config/unicorn.rb
Now we're going to add Unicorn specific configuration options, that we explain in detail in Heroku's Unicorn documentation:
In file config/unicorn.rb write:
worker_processes Integer(ENV["WEB_CONCURRENCY"] || 3)
timeout 15
preload_app true
before_fork do |server, worker|
Signal.trap 'TERM' do
puts 'Unicorn master intercepting TERM and sending myself QUIT instead'
Process.kill 'QUIT', Process.pid
end
defined?(ActiveRecord::Base) and
ActiveRecord::Base.connection.disconnect!
end
after_fork do |server, worker|
Signal.trap 'TERM' do
puts 'Unicorn worker intercepting TERM and doing nothing. Wait for master to send QUIT'
end
defined?(ActiveRecord::Base) and
ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection
endThis default configuration assumes a standard Rails app with Active Record. You should get acquainted with the different options in the official Unicorn documentation.
Finally you will need to tell Heroku how to run your Rails app by creating a Procfile in the root of your application directory.
Change the command used to launch your web process by creating a file called Procfile and entering this:
In file Procfile write:
web: bundle exec unicorn -p $PORT -c ./config/unicorn.rb
Note: The case of Procfile matters, the first letter must be uppercase.
Set the RACK_ENV to development in your environment and a PORT to connect to. Before pushing to Heroku you'll want to test with the RACK_ENV set to production since this is the enviroment your Heroku app will run in.
$ echo "RACK_ENV=development" >> .env
$ echo "PORT=3000" >> .env
You'll also want to add .env to your .gitignore since this is for local enviroment setup.
$ echo ".env" >> .gitignore
$ git add .gitignore
$ git commit -m "add .env to .gitignore"
Test your Procfile locally using Foreman:
$ gem install foreman
You can now start your web server by running
$ foreman start
18:24:56 web.1 | I, [2013-03-13T18:24:56.885046 #18793] INFO -- : listening on addr=0.0.0.0:5000 fd=7
18:24:56 web.1 | I, [2013-03-13T18:24:56.885140 #18793] INFO -- : worker=0 spawning...
18:24:56 web.1 | I, [2013-03-13T18:24:56.885680 #18793] INFO -- : master process ready
18:24:56 web.1 | I, [2013-03-13T18:24:56.886145 #18795] INFO -- : worker=0 spawned pid=18795
18:24:56 web.1 | I, [2013-03-13T18:24:56.886272 #18795] INFO -- : Refreshing Gem list
18:24:57 web.1 | I, [2013-03-13T18:24:57.647574 #18795] INFO -- : worker=0 ready
Looks good, so press Ctrl-C to exit and you can deploy your changes to Heroku:
$ git add .
$ git commit -m "use unicorn via procfile"
$ git push heroku master
Check ps, you'll see the web process uses your new command specifying Unicorn as the web server
$ heroku ps
=== web (1X): `bundle exec unicorn -p $PORT -c ./config/unicorn.rb`
web.1: starting 2014/04/17 12:55:33 (‾ 1s ago)
The logs also reflect that we are now using Unicorn:
$ heroku logs
There are several options for invoking the Rails asset pipeline when deploying to Heroku. For general information on the asset pipeline please see the Rails 3.1+ Asset Pipeline on Heroku Cedar article.
The config.assets.initialize_on_precompile option has been removed and is not needed for Rails 4. Also, any failure in asset compilation will now cause the push to fail. For Rails 4 asset pipeline support see the Ruby Support page.
If you push up your app and it crashes (heroku ps shows state crashed), check your logs to find out what went wrong. Here are some common problems.
If you're missing a gem when you deploy, check your Bundler groups. Heroku builds your app without the development or test groups, and if you app depends on a gem from one of these groups to run, you should move it out of the group.
One common example using the RSpec tasks in your Rakefile. If you see this in your Heroku deploy:
$ heroku run rake -T
Running `bundle exec rake -T` attached to terminal... up, ps.3
rake aborted!
no such file to load -- rspec/core/rake_task
Then you've hit this problem. First, duplicate the problem locally:
$ bundle install --without development:test
窶ｦ
$ bundle exec rake -T
rake aborted!
no such file to load -- rspec/core/rake_task
Now you can fix it by making these Rake tasks conditional on the gem load. For example:
begin
require "rspec/core/rake_task"
desc "Run all examples"
RSpec::Core::RakeTask.new(:spec) do |t|
t.rspec_opts = %w[--color]
t.pattern = 'spec/**/*_spec.rb'
end
rescue LoadError
endConfirm it works locally, then push to Heroku.
You now have your first application deployed to Heroku. The next step is to deploy your own application. If you're interested in reading more you can read more about Ruby on Heroku at the Dev Center.